Compare And Contrast Two Alternative Systems Of Resource Allocation In

Compare And Contrast Two Alternative Systems Of Resource parcelling In The EconomyEconomics can be said to be the science which studies the relationship between scarce resources, with alternative uses, and consumers unlimited wants. at that placefore the riddle of resource storage allocation can be seen to be exchange to the basic economic problem. In this way , how resources are allocated throughout an scrimping is of great splendour and different types of economies employ different methods to achieve this allocation.All economies have this same basic economic problem of what to produce, how to produce it, and for whom to produce it. Deciding what to produce involves choosing a certain allocation of resources, in localise to produce a particular combination of goods. The method of choosing the resource allocation varies, according to the economy in question. There is also the question of how to produce the goods which you require. Any particular output can usually be produce d by several different techniques, ranging from ones using a magnanimous quantity of labour and only a few simple machines, to ones using a large quantity of automated machines and only a few workers. (R.G.Lipsey 1989) incompatible economies also vary in the way that national product is distributed throughout the individuals and groups within the society.The methods which a society uses in order to tackle these questions determines the type of economy it is. There are various methods of resource allocation and the two most extreme cases are the contrasting methods of the allow-market and the command economies.In a market economy, the allocation of resources is the outcome of millions of independent decisions made by consumers and producers, all acting through the medium of the market (Lipsey 1989)The free-market economy depends upon the interaction of consumers and producers, all acting in their receive self interest. The allocation of resources throughout the economy occurs v ia the price system a system which sets the free-market economy aside from the command economy. This system works in colligation with the theory of demand and supply, that is, price is a function of the demand and supply of goods and services.An example of this could be illustrated using the markets for beef and pork. Let us say that, collectible to the recent British Beef crisis, the market demand for beef has ... ...ice of a good, are those for whom the goods and services are produced. In a command economy the central authority decides what, how, and for whom to produce in order to create the best economic situation. In practice, just, there are no purely command or free market economies, all economies are mixed with a tendency towards either extreme. The U.K may be said to be free-market, yet the government intervenes in order to combat the inequitable free-market attitude by monitoring resource allocation through benefits, taxation, subsidies and other policies.There are arg uments or and against both free-market and command economies, however the modern trend of former planned economies moving towards the free-market attitude, despite problems during transition, seems to indicate that perhaps the advantages of the free-market outweigh the disadvantages and that the free-market based modern mixed economy is more mesmeric than command based economies. BIBLIOGRAPHYBeggs, Fischer, Dornbusch (1997) Economics 5th Edition.R.G.Lipsey (1989) An Introduction to Positive Economics.C.Weststrate (1963) Types of Economy.A.Eckstein (1973) Comparison of Economic Systems.

Childhood Essay -- Gender Roles

The majority of people around the world would classify the age of childhood to be between the ages of zero to eighteen years. virtuosos childhood is based upon recollections and memories of what happened in ones past. However, some individuals whitethorn recall their childhood, while others may vaguely recall their childhood and others may simply need assistance from a family member or friend to reinforce what happened in those years in order for them to remember. Comprehending our computer storage is important in making sense of our personal identity. Memory serves as a form of knowledge for us. It can contribute to understanding our childhood as it brings us into physical contact with past events. Our memory helps us recall events that occurred in the past even though, at times, our perception of the actual facts are somewhat inaccurate. What has been forgotten indicates that it might stick been too painful or insignificant to recall. There is a resistance to not remembe r things that cause us pain. Therefore memory is selective. In equipment casualty of gender roles they are defined by ideologies within society. Being an ethnographer, it can be argued that childhood can be studied and explored by separating male and females from severally other. The attached photograph (Appendix A) emphasizes me as a child and illustrates what I enjoyed doing most of my infancy years and what I wanted to become. In monetary value of childrens touristed culture, the study that I am conducting is essentially centered around childrens toys, which can be defined by gender preferences. By doing research my principal(prenominal) focus of my methodology is primarily on memory work and, as I am aware, memory is flawed. Gender roles help identify childhood in terms of what society categorizes males vs. femal... ...res depict our identity in our early years. My identity was clearly defined by owning the doll as it made me feel in control, special and loved. Bei ng able to care for something so precious and so small made me feel so important. In closing, childhood can be seen through various terms and implications. Numerous objects such as social variables, nostalgia, adult agendas, popular culture all influence the concept of gender roles and identities. These terms have great impact when defining theory of gender roles, especially when relating it to this photograph. Photographs taken together uncover a layer of meaning. Working with childhood memory is a project of recreating the past and yearning for that idealistic past and trying to fit it into the present day world. Working through our childhood toy memories is our hope to long for the perfect past.

Shadows of War :: Articles Short Stories Papers

Shadows of War Something had gone wrong. Terribly wrong. How could this have happened? the leader demanded. You told me it was safe You said I wouldnt become concern Youre not involved--theres nothing that connects you to the operation, Mitchell said. As far as all(prenominal)one else is concerned, Im in charge. The leader was not pleased. The operation had been planned for months, every detail accounted for, every contingency considered--save one. A simple thing like a speeding ticket had screwed everything up. The team had been stopped by the Syracuse police. Something had have them to search that car and they had found everything--the guns, the armor, the grenades. Because of the vice presidents visit, federal officials had quickly been notified. The Presidents Guard had been famous for its interrogation techniques ever since their worldly concern by President McClellan. It didnt take long for a member of the team to crack and reveal the entire plot. It didnt take long for the protection to tighten. Now, getting close to the vice president would be impossible. And if it was ever connected to the leader, his career would be over. While many in his country agreed with him, the presidential term would care little for that. There was a larger good at stake, though. He had a duty to his people, even if his government disagreed. Mitchell was the only connection among him and the operation. It wouldnt be long until Mitchell became a wanted man and he might--just might--get linked to him. We have to remain calm, Mitchell said. We dont know that my name forget come up. They have to get to Luken first and hes already at a safehouse. The man was a fool. The Presidents Guard was a group of the most determined and talented men in the nation. It wouldnt take them long to figure everything out. The only way to stop the chain was to let on it. Fine, fine, the leader said. Get out of here. Get yourself to the safehouse. Stay there and wait for my instructions. The leader walked to the window and watched as Mitchell got in his car and drove away. He watched as Mitchells car became nothing more than a small dot of light.

Why Wealth and Status Dont Play a Key Role in Jane and Mr. Rochesters Relationship :: Jane Eyre Wealth Social Status Essays

Why Wealth and Status Dont Play a aboriginal Role in Jane and Mr. Rochesters RelationshipMy bride is here because my equal is here, and my likeness. Jane,will you marry me?When one talks about marriage in the nice society, wealth and shape is source considered. Love comes last or, more often, it isnever considered. In the novel Jane Eyre, the relationship between Mr.Rochester and Jane is quite different. This is clearly shown whenBlanche Ingram changes her mind about marrying Mr. Rochester,preparations for Janes abortive first marriage, their attraction foreach other without the presence of money, and when Jane inherits moneyand she makes a surprising move.The importance of wealth and status in Victorian marriage is immense.In Victorian England parents made their girls marry men from similarwealth and position. If a woman did marry purely for love and not forwealth she risked a life of poverty, homelessness, and hunger. Thiscomponent can also be seen in Jane Eyre, because Janes mo ther wasmarried to a poor clergyman against the will of her father. Shemarried purely for love and therefore risked a life of being poor.This was almost a punishment for Janes mother as she married againsther fathers will and only married for love.Wealth and status is also definitive in the novel Jane Eyre, althoughthey are important in different aspects of the novel and important todifferent people. There are two opposing views. Blanche Ingram, a realspiteful character is going to marry Mr. Rochester because of hiswealth but when she is called to the gypsy to find out her future, shefinds out that he is not as rich as he seems and therefore cancelsall plans to marry him. She (Blanche) considers the Rochester estateeligible to the last degree though I told her something on that pointabout an hour past which made her look wondrous grave.1 However thereis another view to the importance of wealth and status. Jane Eyre, themain character says, Were I a humanity like him, I would tak e to mybosom only such a wife as I could love.2 Money and status are notimportant to her. In her opinion marriage should not be an act ofconvenience.During the preparations for Janes abortive first marriage, Mr.Rochester wants to buy Jane expensive items e.g. clothes and jewels.Jane has no intention of acquire expensive jewels and clothes, as theyare not important to her. She says, Oh, sir - never mind jewels Idont like to hear them spoken of. Jewels for Jane Eyre sound

Indigenous Art History and the Education System Essay -- Indigenous Ar

His Buffalo and horses are always in motion--theyre running for their lives. They cant be caught. Thats real freedom(Lee).In the American educational system the curriculum is supposedly designed to enrich the hearts and minds of all the students who wish to become enriched. Professional educators throughout western civilisation compose their contributions as to what is considered to be in the best interests of the students. However, some oversights shit been made apparent. The history of Indigenous American Art has been ignored, for too long, at the outlay of the students who happen to be the descendants of the first peoples of this continent. Furthermore these students also happen to be the majority within the Los Angeles Unified School District whether these students are of American, Canadian, Mexican, or Central American ethnicity they almost always have one thing in common, the indigenous blood that runs through their veins. Science has established that environment greatly inf luences behavior, whether that environment is a classroom, a home, or the American Continent. Subsequently, this continent is reflected within the hearts and minds of its people, and inevitably in our artistic expression. We the first people of this continent have existed here for thousands of years before the western civilization stumbled its way to this side of the planet. Indigenous American Art and its history play a vital bust in our facet of the human experience. Whats more, it is fundamental for fulfilling our potential and responsibilities as human beings. In addition to the contribution to our collective psyche, indigenous art is a historical and anthropological timeline of natural and supernatural phenomena. It is apparent that ... ...de as we all account for each other and ourselves with clear wisdom and responsibility before creation. Works CitedGangel-Vasquez, Janice. Re Native Art History II. Email to the author. 17 August. 2003.Lee, Jeff and Donna Hand. 2 dimensio nal Art-Ed Defender. Trophies of Honor. 9 Aug. 2003.www.msstate.edu/Fineart_O...troph1.htmMartn del Campo, Edgar. Mesoamerican Deities. Edgars Mesoamerican art page. 7 Oct. 1996. 9 Aug. 2003. members.aol.com/emdelcamp/edgar2.htmMcMaster, Gerald R. Towards an Aboriginal Art History. Native American Art in the Twentieth Century. Ed. W. Jackson Rushing III. New York. Routledge. 1999. 81-96.Moreno, Lisa M. RudyResponse. electronic mail to author. 15 Aug. 2003. Surrounded by beauty History and Culture. 9 Aug. 2003. The Minneapolis Institute of Arts. www. Artsmia.org/surrounded-bybeauty/history_culture.html

Indigenous Art History and the Education System Essay -- Indigenous Ar

His Buffalo and horses are always in motion--theyre running for their lives. They cant be caught. Thats real freedom(Lee).In the American educational system the curriculum is supposedly designed to enrich the he arts and minds of all the students who wish to become enriched. Professional educators throughout western civilization ensnare their contributions as to what is considered to be in the best interests of the students. However, some oversights have been made apparent. The history of Indigenous American Art has been ignored, for too long, at the expense of the students who clear to be the descendants of the first peoples of this continent. Furthermore these students also happen to be the majority within the Los Angeles Unified School District whether these students are of American, Canadian, Mexican, or primordial American ethnicity they almost always have one thing in common, the indigenous blood that runs through their veins. Science has established that milieu greatly inf luences behavior, whether that environment is a classroom, a home, or the American Continent. Subsequently, this continent is reflected within the hearts and minds of its people, and inevitably in our artistic expression. We the first people of this continent have existed here for thousands of years before the western civilization stumbled its way to this side of the planet. Indigenous American Art and its history play a vital part in our facet of the human experience. Whats more, it is fundamental for fulfilling our potential and responsibilities as human beings. In addition to the contribution to our collective psyche, indigenous art is a historical and anthropological timeline of natural and supernatural phenomena. It is apparent that ... ...de as we all account for each other and ourselves with clear wisdom and responsibility before creation. Works CitedGangel-Vasquez, Janice. Re native-born Art History II. Email to the author. 17 August. 2003.Lee, Jeff and Donna Hand. 2 dim ensional Art-Ed Defender. Trophies of Honor. 9 Aug. 2003.www.msstate.edu/Fineart_O...troph1.htmMartn del Campo, Edgar. Mesoamerican Deities. Edgars Mesoamerican art page. 7 Oct. 1996. 9 Aug. 2003. members.aol.com/emdelcamp/edgar2.htmMcMaster, Gerald R. Towards an Aboriginal Art History. Native American Art in the Twentieth Century. Ed. W. Jackson Rushing III. New York. Routledge. 1999. 81-96.Moreno, Lisa M. RudyResponse. E-mail to author. 15 Aug. 2003. Surrounded by beauty History and Culture. 9 Aug. 2003. The Minneapolis Institute of Arts. www. Artsmia.org/surrounded-bybeauty/history_culture.html

Economic and Social Factors that Affected the Slavery of the South Essay

Slavery had been one of the most controversial and important issues in the history of the United States. The distinction between the whites and the African American slaves could be rooted way back in the past events of the orbit even when the United States was still under the British rule. Because of this, the turn of events in the country is also related with slavery. The changes in the social and economic factors of the country greatly influenced the situation of slavery in the south. The desire for independence by the Americans has been the primary cause factor that droved the social changes in the country.However, slavery was regarded as the biggest irony in Americas battle for freedom because their existence is a clear deduction that the idea of liberty is more of a privilege rather than an inherent and equal right for all. This is proven by the fact that during the revolution, slavery was already considered as part of the old institution in America. Slavery was present in ev ery colony and became the basis for the economy and social structure from Mary bring in southward. At the very least, 40 percent of Virginias population and at even higher numbers in Georgia and South Carolina had been slaves (Foner 230).Being the case, slavery created a huge impact in the south because their source of living and there very lifestyle have been dependent upon the work that slaves give. This is also the former that the initiatives to stamp out slavery greatly threatened the south. In 1840s, the expansion to the west played an important role as it moved slavery in the center of American politics. The depression that started in 1837 paved the way for the large migration of settlers in further west. The years between 1840 and 1845, about 5,000 emigrants traveled the 2,000 mile journey by water ouzel train to Oregon.The settlement of some Americans in Oregon perpetuated the southern attitude of patronizing slaves since some of them brought their slaves with them. Never theless, the settlement in Oregon is not the main reason for the emergence of the issue of slavery rather the nations acquisition of Mexico caused it. The primary part of Mexico that was settled by a substantial number of Americans was Texas. This could be attributed from the fact that the Mexican administration allowed Moses Austin, a farmer born in Connecticut, to permit the Americans to colonize it.In 1820, Austin received a large land grant, which he sells in small portions to Americans settlers. The issue of slavery arises because Mexico already abolished slavery. In April 1836, Sam Houston and his forces defeated the army of Santa Anna, which brought about the independence of Texas. The interest of the South was triggered by this event because they believed that including Texas in the Union and even dividing it to several states could increase their power in the Congress (Foner 465-466).The Compromise of 1850 was created in order to maintain peace deep down the Union. This h elped the south in the sense that the compromise still allows the slavery and only abolished slave trade. The Compromise also left the white inhabitants in the territories of Mexico to decide whether they forget continue with slavery or not. In the same manner, the Fugitive Slave Act also aided the south in capturing run-away slaves without the interference of local authorities. Confederate leaders support measures that sent federal agents to states in the north in order to capture fugitives.It is also regarded that the Fugitive Slave Act is an example of how the government abided by the interests of the south (Foner 477-479). However, the Fugitive Slave Act also made many people especially from the North realize that this kind of law infringes upon the rights of the citizens as well as of the state. Being the case, this started the changes in the concept of states right. The leadership of Stephen A. Douglas helped the states to resolve its dispute regarding the issue of slavery.H e hoped to solve the dispute among the northerners and southerners in Congress by applying the principle of popular sovereignty. Sovereignty would allow the local settlers of every state to vote whether they are in favor of slavery or not instead of the Congress. Douglas deemed that popular sovereignty symbolizes the idea of local self-government and it also created a middle ground between the North and South (Foner 479-480). The discussions to a higher place show that the underlying concern of the southern sector is to protect their interests.They were very keen in acquiring the necessary power in Congress in order for them to prevent the abolition of slavery, wherein they are greatly dependent upon in terms of their means of income and the overall development of their agricultural sector. Because of this, they are very sharp-sighted of the social and economic changes that are happening in the country in order to make sure that their stakes and interests are safeguarded.Work Cite dFoner, Eric. Give Me self-direction An American History. New York W. W. Norton and Company, 2007.

Balancing work, school and family life

Balancing c arer demands, family responsibilities, and college studies has never been an easy feat. Since time as a resource, has been and credibly giveing endlessly be scarce, we have to manage it as efficiently as possible. Seemingly, your time Is already organism stretched too thin, with work and family obligations, so taking on the added indebtedness of a college tuition, makes It even more daunting. save looking across the board of each spectrum of middle Income earners, one thing that we find common among them is a college degree. With that being said, many people find it an uphill t enquire to obtain a degree.This is because they already have work and family obligations to contend with. However, with higher education being the musical mode out of poverty for most people, they decide later in life to go to college, to pursue tertiary education. Even though pursuing a college education can be an uphill task, its benefits, outweighs any challenges it may present. In the e nd, it affords you and your family, the chance of viewting ahead in life. One of the problems most people in this perspective face is how much time they spend at the workplace. Whichever way you look at It, there are only twenty four hours In any given day.So more often than not, you will find yourself out of time, running late, trying to get from one particular engagement to the other, or turning In overdue writing engagements. Most people spend between eight to ten hours on the Job on a dally basis. In hatred of the added responsibility of college work, you are still expected to meet productivity levels and even in some cases, exceed them. You have deadlines to meet, meetings to attend, and bosses to answer to. Now that you are a college student, the boss has found a way to give you more responsibilities. Of course this comes with some remuneration or your troubles.Brace yourself. Nobody said it was going to be easy. If it is easy, it probably wouldnt be worth much, anyway. Th ere may be times when you will be so overwhelmed with this balancing act that, you will aim to second guess your decision. But rest assured, nothing could be further from the truth. Most times, by the time you get post you are completely exhausted. You still have a home to run, kids to take care of and a spouse to attend to. You settle In to cook dinner, to feed the family. Listen to how everybody day went. You Inspect their homework, scold where accessory, and value where praise is due.At this juncture, you send everybody off to bed. You finally get some me time to yourself, only to be called upon to attend to some spousal duties. Oh lord when is this going to end? By the time you wiggle your way out of that, it is eleven pm. You need a shut eye badly, but one more thing. There is a writing assignment over due, so you decide to sacrifice a couple hours to get that paper done. You are awoken by your alarm clock at six in morning, still sitting at the desk in your attempt to compl ete your assignment. Another day is upon you, and the cycle continues.You somehow manage to get yourself up and waking everyone, you begin the process of getting them ready for school. It turned out you were able to complete the assignment, before sleep took over. In an hour or so, breakfast In the bellies, luncheon boxes packed and backpacks strapped on, you file out ready to begin yet another day. You say a prayer to yourself. Slowly but surely, you are trekking on. You will get through this. In order to accomplish this task of strategies and prioritize. It is imperative to brainstorm. List all your daily engagements in a chronological order.Determining what tasks will be tackled first, which ones will be dealt with second, what will be third, and so forth, is the objective. The idea is to be able to free up some time in your regular schedule. Since all these tasks are of equal importance, you will have to make sure that none of them is ignored. It is always prudent to ask for hel p if you need one. A good way is to ask family and friends to help you out with the personal and family side of things. Let us face it. No one can study for you, that is, if you want to maintain the integrity of your education. uncomplete can anyone perform your duties at the office for you.This leaves he third option, family demands. Asking a family member to help out with picking up the kids from school, and help with the inadvertence of their homework, will go a long way to free up a few hours of your night, which you may then devote to your studies. You will be sanitary advised to teach your kids to do some of the chores at home. Chores like the doing the dishes, the laundry, and the cleaning of the house can be undertaken by children. Asking your spouse to chip in where he or she hasnt previously. He or she can take up the cooking for three days of the week, or accommodate with leftovers in the refrigerator.Every little identification number counts. Since things does not al ways go according to plan, having the ability to improvise in your arsenal, will serve you well. The act or art, of balancing a college education, work obligations, and family demands, maybe a very challenging ordeal. With that being said, it is not an impossible task. The pursuit of a college education, and all the problems associated with it, pales in comparison to its benefits. With perseverance, and great resolve, at the end of the day, will be worth the effort. You will be better off. It can be done, and has been done. With the wind, in your sail, Godspeed.

A look into Brave New World Essay

Many times there is an underlying topic to a novel and what it real means. For stand freshly World, there ar many underlying ideas as to the makeup of Aldous Huxleys novel. For example, themes corresponding science, sex, power, freedom and confinement, drugs and alcohol, society and class, and dissatisfaction as different themes that Huxley produces in the novel. Also there could be many symbols in the novel including, bottles and Ford. Not only atomic number 18 these themes and symbols throughout the novel, but there also could be a direct tie to Brave New World with Freud.Aldous Huxleys novel, Brave New World is about a futuristic society where humans are made from bottles that go through a brainwashing after their growth in a bottle. Each citizen is instructed to serve the community, they are there to be consumers and workers and to do their job. The bottles are placed in a caste, and according to each caste is how they are to grow up and become a part of society. For exampl e, the Alphas are genius of a kind they are smart, tall and muscular.Contrasting, the Epsilons are grown in batches of 100 identical dumb, ugly and short humans. In order to keep the 5 castes separate, all but the Alphas are given harmful substances to keep them stupid. In the novel, Mustapha Mond states The optimum population Is modeled on the iceberg- eight-ninths below the water line, star-ninth preceding(prenominal) (Huxley, 223) Mond claims that those under the water line are actually happier than those above it, another reason universe that those in the upper castes are more seen and are the face up of the society whereas those in the lower casts are of non-importance.In both Brave New World and in Freuds studies, there is a lot of strain on the sexual aspect of human look. In Brad Buchanans article Oedipus in Dystopia Freud and Lawrence in Aldous Huxleys Brave New World Buchanan claims that throughout Huxleys life, he often rejected Freud and his ideas, however, the t one of Brave New World speaks otherwise (Buchanan, 75). Freud studies the psychosexual stages throughout a childs life this idea relates to the life that Huxley portrays in his novel. In Brave New World, sex is a major focus in the communitys day-to-day activities, no one gets married, and everyone can have everyone. There are no direct ties to each other, and there is no problem of over population because of all the babies being made in bottles on the assembly line. This creates a power in the makers ability, because the babies are made to their specification.Power is another theme in Brave New World. In the novel, the citizens are brainwashed to be happy with the laws and not to fight the man when it comes to changing the laws because they have been programmed to love the laws and their entirety. This power is bolstered by the endless translate of drugs, the ability to be promiscus, the denial of history or future as any alternative to the present, and with the brainwashing at a young age. This is directly influenced by the freedom and confinement theme within the novel.Citizens are always in a state of imprisonment, but because they have been conditioned to love their servitude, no one seems to have any problems with it. This also creates the theme of dissatisfaction. This society leaves something to be wanted, mostly individuality, passion and love because individuals have been programed to be happy, those who do feel this dissatisfaction are mixed-up by it and completely unsure of how to act. Most of the individuals that are experiencing dissatisfaction are often turned to drugs.In Brave New World, soma is used quite a great deal throughout the novel. Soma is described as the perfect drug for example, it has all of the benefits (calming, surrealistic and 10-hour long highs) without all of the negatives (no guilt or hangovers). Like the early brainwashing, the citizens are also conditioned to love this drug, and they use it to escape any momentary bouts of dissastification.Along with the many themes throughout the novel, there are also many symbols that jibe with them. One symbol is the bottle, if taken in a way that we see these bottles today, this could be an extreme couturier baby technique. This symbol of the bottle could be that if designer babies become even larger than they already are, that an entire society will be completely made up of these designer babies.Ford as a symbol in the novel reveals the new worlds value system. Henry Ford is famous for the perfection of mass production and the assembly line. In the new world, humans are mass-produced and grown with the help of the assembly line. With Ford as the new worlds deity, efficiency, production, and consumerism are the most beta values whereas with a more traditional deity, morality, compassion and piety are the most important values.Even though, the new world may seem like a place of happiness and carefree living, it is warped beyond all being. There are many them es in the novel with a symbol that could correspond to the true meaning of what the novel means.Works CitedBuchanan, Brad Oedipus in Dystopia Freud and Lawrence in Aldous Huxleys Brave New World Journal of Modern Literature. 25.3/4. (2002) 75-89. Print Huxley, Aldous Brave New World. New York 1946. Print.

lightweight truss construction

The purpose of this paper is to discuss issues concerning the use of lightweight truss construction. The use of this construction has increased greatly in recent years. There are some benefits to apply lightweight truss constructions. However, there are also dangers, which will be presented.The main benefit of exploitation lightweight truss wood construction is that it offers builders the opportunity to save lots of money (Pindelski, 2006). Construction companies are in the business of making money, and therefore many another(prenominal) of them prefer to use this new, cheaper construction. This allows the builders to secure more contracts because they are able to offer lower prices. Another benefit of using lightweight truss construction is that it makes it easier to come in and run utilities and ventilation systems, it is also easy to assemble. Moreover, this new construction is as strong as traditional structures under normal conditions (Pindelski, 2006).It is clear that the re are indeed benefits to using lightweight truss construction, however, as with all types of construction, safety is a major concern. Research has demonstrated that lightweight truss construction does meter up to desired safety standards. For example, Fire statistics suggest that there is an urgent need for improved performance of light-weight truss construction in eruption scenarios, (Ziemba, 2006, p.2).This creates a serious danger for firefighters and people who occupy buildings, which have caught on fire. Buildings that contain lightweight wood truss construction are susceptible to collapse from fire exposure in a very short amount of time, (Pindelski, 2006). This sentiment is further supported in the article Lightweight Truss May pull in Firefighter Death. Without training and building codes that specifically address the fire hazards and threats caused by lightweight truss construction, many civilian and firefighter lives may be bewildered due to early structural collapse during fire situations, (Lightweight Truss May Cause Firefighter Death, 2005).Construction companies and builders are now left to decide if the benefits of using lightweight truss construction are worth the risks to gentlemans gentleman lives. Firefighter argue that this construction is simply too dangerous, and has cause death for many firefighters. Unfortunately, many builders to not agree and they assert that firefighters are simply misinformed and exaggerating the dangers of these construction materials. This debate is likely to continue for years to come. But there is no doubt that roughly people agree that saving lives is more important than saving money. Using lightweight truss constructions is an unsafe practice and it is not worth the risk to human lives or safety.ReferencesLightweight Truss May Cause Firefighter Death (2005). Retrieved May 8, 2007, fromhttp//singularity.pilsch.com/Squad514CasualArgumentPindelski, J. (2006). Understanding the Dangers of Lightweight Truss Construction. Retrieved May 8, 2007, fromhttp//cms.firehouse.com/content/article/article.jsp?id=46749§ionld=14Ziemba, G. (2006). Theoretical Analysis of Light-Weight Truss Construction in Fire Conditions, Including the Use of Fire Retardant Treated Wood. Retrieved May 8, 2007, from http//www.wpi.edu/Pubs/ETD/Available/etd-050506-114556/unrestricted/Gziemba.pdf

Product of My Environment

Xavier Rodriguez Expos 101 Assignment 3 F. D. Professor Debra Keates 10/22/12 What Means the World to You What is important to someone varies from somebody to person. These things house be displayed in several(predicate) varietys and approached in various ways. This is seen within OBrien, uncompromising and Frasers essays. OBrien understands what inspires gentleman connection and he manipulates the righteousness of his novel in order to capture the attention and respect of others. He justifies his decision to distort his story based on the impact it has on the reader.For every(prenominal) author, OBrien argues that the aim is to get ones point(s) across to bring attention to what librates the most to them. Regard little the category, this is done by expressing ones nonsubjective with feeling and a sense of importance. In Caroline Frasers, Rewilding North the States, she uses convincing rise to prove to the reader that reserves and corridors promote the well-being of wild life and humans a wish. Similarly, Martha intrepid has a biased opinion.Stout sets out to demonstrate to readers in When I Woke Up on Tuesday Morning, It Was Friday that counseling is important for clients who surr laster experienced hurt by overlap individual client stories. The way slew define truth and the information they provide can determine how others pass on evaluate the story. in that location ar contrasting ways to connect to a reader. The writers objective and the audience both(prenominal) influence these decisions. OBriens storytelling method whitethorn involve embellishments that breaking ball the truth rather than adhere to it.Had he authored either Fraser or Stouts essays, the objective may spend a penny been the same, exactly the style would likely have been quite several(predicate). Within their respective essays, Fraser and Stouts definitions of truth can be observed and interpreted. Both authors cite massive research projects, specific cases and comm and statistics to communicate their theory. It would appear, that unlike OBrien, both Fraser and Stout argon to a greater extent concerned with providing support for their story and/or objective. OBrien did not bother with ensuring that his facts were correct, but rather that the message was clear.Facts and severalize, however, are very important components of Fraser and Stouts truths. Fraser relies on scientific evidence to gain attention from her audience. opus OBrien may not disapprove of this method, he may see it as unnecessary. As she writes In the United States, for practice, deer-vehicle collisions alone occur up to one and a half(a) million times distributively year, costing some ii hundred lives and $8. 8billion annually collisions excessively imperil the survival of twenty-one endangered and threatened species(123).Another pillowcase of Frasers tendency to provide explicit scientific evidence is when she describes Fraser writes about the Banff Project scientists a nd their impact on the fantasy of Rewilding as they collected footage from cameras mounted on the underpasses which show bears and mountain lions approaching the wire cautiously, sniffing, and peering around (123). The zoologys questioned the underpass at premiere, just as any creature would do when advent upon something unfamiliar. Shortly thereafter, most of them let out over or under the wires, galloping off (123).OBrien would say that Frasers method of acquiring attention to her theory would be a great approach, however, if all that evidence is needed and so his way to get through to pot would not be relatable because to his own because he conceptualises in simplicities and getting through to people with tantalizing and basic approaches such as emotions to capture the attention of people and his big businessman to tell a story and his way of articulating the facts or details. Regarding OBriens controversy that a piece of piece of music or a story should create an emo tional connection, Frasers writing falls short.Fraser does make some searchs to build a feeling of empathy for the animals whose lives are positively impacted, as she writes in 1993, Pluie incomprehensible in thought(p) her collar, which was found with a bullet hole in it. The eat herself was shot dead two years later, along with her mate and several pups (112). Even still as she integrates statistics and hard facts when she wrote in the last 15 years or so, 27-percent of the known wolf deaths have been from the railway, and 60-percent were on the highway. Just 5-percent were natural The Bow Valley used to have three packs.Now it has one. In 1996, three of the four pups born to this pack were lost to the highway. The abutting year, none of the five pups born survived, and we know at to the lowest degree one was hit on the railway. During 1998, the pack had no pups and was down to three members (112). In this segment, Fraser uses a specific story to draw in the reader and build a connection. However, these moments are too few and far between, as Fraser spends a undecomposed deal of the essay providing long descriptions of scientific theory and jargon relevant to her field.For example, Fraser spends five pages outlining the development of the term ecosystem, equilibrium theory and the consequent theory encouraging the use of corridors and reserves, which she is generally supporting throughout her essay. Further she has a tendency to provide irrelevant and ridiculous amounts of detail, which loses the readers interest. For example, Fraser writes, Conservation biology is a small world and she elaborates, Michael Soule sat on the committee at the University of Michigan that supervised Newmarks dissertation. The study percolated in Soules mind as went to his next job, at UC Santa Cruz.Sitting in his kitchen one day, Soule was talking to his friend Arne Naess, the Norwegian philosopher who founded deep ecology While these details may be an attempt to grab th e readers attention, they have the opposite effect. OBrien might describe Frasers approach as dry and fruitless. The authors have various styles they attempt to use to get across to their audience, as is their technique. When compared to Fraser, Stouts approach would be more favorable to OBrien because there is less technicality used, less use of attempt to convince the reader that her topic of dissociation is fact and is somewhat curable.She uses interconnections to demonstrate her therapist to client bond. The method that she uses is relaxed and simple nevertheless hard-hitting by exposing the way dissociation is triggered, and how it happens to everyone whether or not the individual realizes it or not. Sometimes dissociation can occur when we are simply confused or frustrated or nervous, whether we recognize it or not (Stout 384). After her clients get an understanding they begin to feel and get a better sense of the things that matter to them and are more important them by wor king to get a grasp on the things which are simpler to connect with.Stout convinces people that her evidence is lawful by walking through alongside her patients in defining lost memories and times and situations and fills in the gaps necessary in order to help her clients feel closure, happy( satisfaction) and free. Allowing them to function with a more clear mind. She sees the way people are deeper than what is seen on the surface and have the ability to do the same things as anyone else can. Stout says, All human beings have the capacity to dissociate psychologically, though most of us are unawarfaree of this, and consider out of body episodes to be far beyond the boundaries of our practice experience.In fact, dissociative experiences happen to everyone and most of these events are quite ordinary (388). Due to dissociation being an occurrence that is not identified with ease, the majority of society does not recognize that we all in fact dissociate. When it comes to straightforw ardness, a person can be sincere but not report the truth cod to naivete or in order to try to get a deeper meaning. OBrien states, In any war story but especially a true one, its difficult to separate what happened from what seemed to happen (71). The truth is not out in the open and is hidden. This in turn plays on the accuracy of an experience.When retelling an experience, the sequence of events has to be objective or have an unbiased view. Often unbiased or objective views can be lost. OBrien uses the statement true war story throughout his essay. The use of the word true causes the essay to have a biased view Stouts ability tot be rough-and-ready and connect with the reader is kept at a strong tempo when she gives strong interesting and powersfl insights How effective is Stout at connecting with the reader? If she is effective, find an example of a time in which she is. In Stouts essay, she writes how we can go somewhere else.The part of consciousness that we nearly incessa ntly conceive as the self cannot be there for a few moments, for a few hours and in heinous circumstances for ofttimes longer (p 388). Everyone has moments where they go somewhere else in their own heads to header or protect themselves from a situation, being distracted by something, mentally escaping into a consider at a movie theater, or getting lost in a day dream are all little examples of how ordinary and everyday individuals dissociate. Add something about use of language. How does OBrien use language? How about Fraser? Stout? What might OBrien think of their uses of language? Examples OBrien use metaphors? artsy, elaborate descriptions? Fraser scientific language? dry at times? Stout personal anecdotes? also vivid descriptions? Both authors illustrate the problems that animals and humans face and the ways they go about coming to conclusions and solving situations and problems. The fictitious character that language plays in determining truth to OBrien, is the studies and usage of the manmade effects have on animals and what gets into the minds of humans. Fraser and Stouts style of writing differ from OBriens by one (Stout) using counseling and the other (Fraser) using convincing evidence.Stout uses counseling as a means to support her assessments of her clients individual case. As Fraser uses convincing evidence in order to support her promotion of resources and corridors as being beneficial to both animal and humas. Fraser motivates people to act In Rewilding North America, by writing about the development of the concept of rewilding, a conservation method designed to save species from extinction by restoring connectivity in nature, holding out the hope and call in that through this project humanity could heal the environmental damage that had already been done (119).Her evidence is adequate proposed solution to a problem must be tangible and realistic. Rewilding encompasses both aspects exactly. Another reason why rewilding has a better chance f or success is the fact that it is natural. The combination of these three aspects makes rewilding the favorable and more effective solution to eliminating animal suffering Animals roamed planet Earth for nearly 600 million years prior to the appearance of the genus Homo. During all that time, many creatures and species came and went. By and large they evolved, disappeared and became extinct all due to nature, geography, environment and natural events.Animal extinction is a natural process, but nonetheless the rate has heightened because of mans interaction with animals. Humans tend to cause our wild animal neighbors much more trouble than they do to us, as each day we invade thousands of acres of their territories while destroying their homes. These crises occurring in nature beg for humans to do something to quench or lessen the foreseen calamities. Caroline Fraser, in the essay Rewilding North America provides what can be appreciated as a balance between the latter(prenominal) tw o potential solutions.She explains the concept of rewilding, a large-scale conservation method aimed to restore and provide connectivity between animals and humans. The idea of rewilding is a marriage between synthetic substance biology and interspecies empathy because it constructively encompasses aspects from both approaches. Rewilding is a feasible solution to eliminate animal suffering that is not only natural but also is a tangible and realistic one, in comparison to the ideas of stout and obrien. Rewilding is an appropriate solution to the problem of species extinction because it is primarily a natural process.Rewilding, like most natural processes, does not affect animals lives in any significant negative way. Fraser writes about Banff Project scientists and their impact on the concept of Rewilding. They collected footage from cameras mounted on the underpasses which show bears and mountain lions approaching the wire cautiously, sniffing, and peering around (123). The animal s questioned the underpass at first, just as any creature would do when coming upon something unfamiliar. Shortly thereafter, most of them burst over or under the wires, galloping off (123).OBrien would say that Frasers method of getting attention to her theory would be a great approach, however, if all that evidence is needed then his way to get through to people would not be relateable because to his own because he believes in simplisties and getting through to people with tantalizing and basic approaches such as emotions to capture the attention of people and his ability to tell a story and his way of articulating the facts or details. One patient in particular, named Julia, is a successful producer of documentary deals.As a child, Julia underwent child abuse and was skillfully able to remove herself from the horrific situations. The trauma Julia experienced as a child causes her to dissociate now as an adult yet, she carries her life as anyone else would. I met her when I she w as thirty-two, and an intellectual force to be reckoned with. A conversation with her reminds me of the New York Review of Books, except that she is funnier, and also a living breathing human being who wears amethyst jewelry to contrast with her electric auburn hair (Stout 385).From the description given by Stout in her essay, Julia does not fit into the category that society has placed her in. She overrides the stereotypes and labels because she is not any different from what society perceives as normal. She is intelligent and successful everything society wants her to be but for some reason she is perceived otherwise. Patients like Julia commonly experience dissociation more severely because of the traumatic experiences they have been through. Why should someone who dissociates, and receives therapeutic assistance to confront their issues, be perceived in society as being different from someone who does not?Dissociation should not negatively categorize its victims, but rather se rve as a common ground between people because all people dissociate. We can go somewhere else. The part of consciousness that we nearly always conceive as the self can not be there for a few moments, for a few hours, and in heinous circumstances, for much longer (Stout 388). Everyone has moments where they go somewhere else in their own head to cope or protect themselves from a situation. Being distracted by something, mentally escaping into a film at a theatre, or getting lost in a day dream are all minuet examples of how ordinary, everyday individuals dissociate.Dissociation is an obstacle that Stouts patients encounter on a day to day basis, and, unfortunately, classifies them in society to be abnormal. Society has a picture of what normal is supposed(a) to be but what makes one individual more normal than the next? While Stouts patients are looked upon negatively as being strange because they dissociate they are no different from a man who enjoys a film at a theatre. This perf ectly ordinary man is dissociated from reality. Effectively, he is in a trance.We might label his perceptions as psychotic, except for the fact that when the movie is over, he will return to his usual mental status almost instantly. He will see the credits. He will notice that he has spilled some popcorn, although he will not remember doing so (Stout 388). Someone who society would categorize as a normal man, experiences an example of what Stouts patients bear regularly. The film watcher is in no contrast with Julia, or any of Stouts other patients therefore, society has misinterpreted what is considered the norm.Stouts essay would be evaluated using o briens definition of truth by agreeing in the wyas that there are many times that people allow their minds to drift and push back over. Imagination is what OBrien uses and the mental imagery of these characters are what allow them to face and deal with their traumatic experiences and allows them totake stances in their places that m ay or may not be realistic. She uses language by its literal form in human communication with her clients, talking and assessing what they lack and how they is a solution through language and rehearsal processes assist in one having an ability to aline to normalisity.This is like obriens as he is most effective with speaking and using language and mind as his tools to paint pictures to the stories he makes. These two are more natural and effective and simplistic yet powerful. When frasers compared to the authors approaches she takes more of a scientific stance as to where she provides evidence and actual facts from her discoveries. Stout says, I believe that most of us cannot know what we would do, trapped in a situation that required such a seemingly no-win decision (382).Stouts patients are wrongfully perceived as insane, yet no one has bothered to put themselves in their position. Dissociation experienced at the caliber that Stouts patients do, is normal to them. What society pe rceives as normal, and what Stouts patients perceive as normal, is identical because Stouts patients see themselves that way. Dissociative episodes are what they have been experiencing for most of their lives therefore, it is what they see as the norm and society should not reprimand them for that. A True war story is never moral.It does not instruct, nor encourage virtue, nor call down models of proper human behavior, nor restrain men from doing the things they have always done. If a story seems moral, do not believe it (347). In short, it gives you a view of how to take in the war story. It differs from the usual happy and uplifting war story and gives a realist and somber approach to reading a war story. The following will explain the importance of this passage and how it relates to the short story. Reason why he wouldnt agree with fraser. True war stories do not generalise. They do not indulge in abstraction or analysis.For example war is hell. As a moral declaration the old tr uism seems perfectly true, and yet because it abstracts, because it generalizes, i cant believe it with my stomach. Nothing turns inside. It comes down to gut instinct. A true war story, if told truly, makes the stomach believe (OBrien, p. 274). * In Rewilding North America, Fraser mentions a man named Harvey Locke, and how he said I choose those words, Yellowstone to Yukon, because theyre deep symbols in peoples brains. If I say those words in Stuggart, Germany, in Toronto, in new York, or in Tokyo, everybody knows what Im talking about (Fraser 121).He was talking about the title of his catch phrase because it would grab the attention of people who shared a common interest. He knew that there were people who would be interested in Y2Y because they shared a common concern that mattered to them when it involved rewilding animals. Similarly, in her essay, Martha Stout writes about a conversation she was having with a woman named Julia and how she had asked, do other people remember th ose things, about their teachers, and going to their graduation, and learning to drive and so on? (Stout 387). Meaning the way other people think about situations that have occurred in their pasts. Things that were at some point so important, things that mattered to them, at least in those years of age and time. The process that pertains to what matters comes in all forms. In Frasers excerpt she was talking about the sciences and how the topic of concern would have the ability to bring awareness to her idea of restoration.There are other ways like in Stouts, she being the psychologist who works with clients, discusses and rehearses situations alongside her clients in order to recover what was supposed to be significant and have some level of importance at one stage in her clients life. In these cases the process of restoration. There are unlimited topics of discussions which coincide with interpersonal relationships like the ones that Tim OBrien attempts to establish by using war as the main topic, something that has long time been a concern of people.Something that he knows will draw people in and make them invest their time and feelings into what matters to him. However, each individual designs their stories from past and accede experiences differently. There is a diverse level of severity and truth. Things that really happened and things that could have happened and how story tellers fill in those gaps, is completely up to their discretion. In how to tell a true war story, OBrien writes, you can tell a true war story by the questions you ask.Somebody tells a story, lets say, and afterward you ask, is it true? and if the serve well matters, then youve got your answer (p276). In OBriens story he writes a letter to his fallen friends relative. In it he goes into great detail that is both deep and disturbing. He mentions both the ways Lemon was a person he has deep love for and the gruesome ways his life ended. The truth came out towards the end after what mattered to him was not reciprocated by Lemons sister, which left a gap, a place of question to the person who leaves the questioner questioning.This then makes him give up in a sense, as if he were to break down which ironically is done mainly by his own accord because there was never a simple response to his letter of make believe. There are many things that happen in all our lives both good and bad and these things contribute to who we are, the ways we communicate and how we communicate, how we present ourselves and go about every day life. These things make us aim to make what matters to us a factor and a reality when it comes to achieving.What matters in each individuals life of course varies. There are times when what matters becomes something that is shared by many, creating a movement, like in Frasers Rewilding how there was a problem she support in shining light into the problem and successfully there was others who began to share the importance of restoring wildlife. In Marta Stouts story creating an ability to connect the wanting(p) parts of her clients lives contributed to a better life. What mattered to her was helping her patients get a grip on their mental stabilities.Then there are some who some, when thought about can seem selfish because what matters to them is how they feel on account of others and in the process if others get left in question to fulfill what matters. In all the stories there was something of importance to the writer, something that mattered at some point enough to write about it. Sometimes those things are not relevant or seem to be when first thought about, but then many stories are designed to the knowledge of the person whose captivated your attention and sometimes afterward you might ask, is it true? and if the answer matters, then youve got your answer so OBrien says. As long as the things that are being exchanged consist with a level of importance it does not matter how real or how fake it may be. What matters is t he lessons learned, the communication and the processes that go into exchanging. As long as you know what you believe and know, truth will always be left for your decision to what is and is not true.

Single Sex Classrooms

Single charge schoolrooms create opportunities that do not really hold out in a coed fall apartroom for students. T to each virtuosoers can create schooling strategies in all girl classrooms, and in all male child classrooms, which do not work as well in coed classrooms. Many public schools argon beginning to clear the single turn on classroom ideas and seeing dramatic procession with grades and test s sum of moneys. The strongest proof yet, that separating boys and girls works, is the drastic improvement in grades for both sexes. But to simply place girls in a classroom and boys in another classroom is not going to work.Teachers should have additional training for interoperable gender-specific classroom strategies and learn the best practices for these gender-separate classrooms. In the book Gender and grooming the authors Barbara Banks, Sara Delamont, and Catherine Marshall specifically state Teacher interactions with students are at the heart of the hidden curriculum and are important means by which informal littleons round gender are transmitted in schools (Banks571). Single sex classrooms simply create more opportunities and a better learning environment for our children that coed classrooms do not create.Girls in all girl classrooms and boys in all boy classrooms are more in all likelihood to study subjects that they would not necessarily choose if the class was coed. It also expands ideas of educational opportunities and core values for both boys and girls, and the classes generate bespoken created learning strategies and instructions to better learning. Girls in all girl classrooms and boys in all boy classrooms are more likely to study subjects that they wouldnt necessarily choose if the class was coeducational, in my opinion. Single sex classrooms bring a broader horizon for our students more so than coeducational classrooms.Kenneth Jost the author of Single Sex Education quotes in his book Sex segregation and discrimination persists in high school programs around the country, 30 years after Congress passed a police force barring such discrimination in education (Jost1). Single sex education advocates say the solution is quite easy just let boys be boys and girls be girls. Leonard Sax states in his book Boys Adrift that the solution is to let boys and girls at ladder separate classes, so that you can take advantage of the sex differences in learning styles(Sax,174).You breakdown stereotypes by letting the sexes be separate. When you put boys and girls together, it just increases the gender roles. The boys do things that are thought of as typical for boys, and girls do things that are thought of as typical for girls. You do not see piece of musicy girls wanting to take classes such as welding class, building workshop, weight room, graphic designer design, and sports education. There definitely would not be many boys wanting to take classes such as drama, art, home economics, sewing class, and foreign language s.So if you eliminate the gender curve and the need to impress the opposite sex, you would possibly begin to see boys willingness to engage in what would be considered feminine activities, such as choir or drama club. Girls willingness to engage in manly activities, such as welding and building workshops, and pro-dominantly male sports may increase also. Single sex classrooms expand ideas, educational opportunities, and core values for both sexes. Leonard Sax states in his book Boys Adrift, A boy does not naturally become a gentleman-by whom I mean, a man who is courteous, kind, and unselfish.That behavior is not hardwired. It has to be taught (Sax163). Most boy schools make a point of teaching boys to be gentlemen, to have self-discipline, and how to be a leader. This may be more important to learn than their actual school work. Teenage boys without strong leadership can easily become barbarians (Sax165). Sax was correct when he verbalise this, and this is exactly what is wrong w ith our male population today. This is wherefore I feel so strongly about these single sex teaching atmospheres.In coed schools, boys tend to adopt a masculine attitude because girls are at that place. They feel they have to demonstrate their masculinity by gross macho over-reaction. Boys in single-sex schools become more raw men, and they are more polite. All girl schools focus entirely on girls, to improve their learning and self-esteem. It also motivates girls to try and reach goals, that they normally may adventure unattainable, because it is a guy thing. If there are no guys around, there is nothing to hold them back.Single sex education helps girls overcome the male sexism that calm exist in public schools, and girls are at center stage at all girl schools with only girls in the audience. Educational opportunities such as less sex bias in teacher-student interactions. Reducing sex differences in curricula and more successful role models for girls. Girls at single sex scho ols are more likely to take nontraditional classes such as physics and advanced math because they have the opportunity to excel in them.This is mostly related to smaller classes and there being no gender bias. Also, it installs values such as, to work for and achieve excellent grades, create greater self-esteem, good character development, responsibility, and leadership. Girls receive less teacher attention than boys, feel less comfortable speaking out in class, and face threats of sexual harassment in school(Barbara1), as Santa Barbara states in her article. If that is true, why would you not want your child in single sex classrooms, so they could learn without fear or embarrassment?The single sex organizational formation spared students the interruptions and distractive aspects that are normally in coeducational classrooms. If these classes are offered, maybe girls would focus more on their studies and grades, instead of their looks and clothing. Not having to worry or be hydrop hobic of harassment from boys. Also by separating the classes, the overall population would decrease, bad students smaller learning environments. Other opportunities that come from these classes are lessons that students relate to and want to learn.No girl wants to tape a science fiction book, and no boy wants to read a love story. This causes teachers to have a tough time finding lessons to teach the class that both genders can relate to. But with single gender classes the teachers lesson can be more suitable for each gender. This makes learning experience more raising and fun. Giving students more educational opportunities. Single Sex classrooms generate custom created learning strategies and instructions to better student learning. Teachers have to customize what they do, to the needs and abilities of each individual student.In single-sex schools, teachers are free to choose materials that fit the interests of their students. In coed schools, the feminines are often held bac k or held down to the abilities and interests of the males. Teachers should have special training for practical gender-specific classroom strategies and learn the best practices for the gender-separate classroom. Boys perceive the coed school as an institution run largely by women, and run largely according to womens rules (examples sit still, dont make too much noise, dont be disruptive, etc. ).They see that the majority of the top students are girls, and the teachers pet is either a female or a geek. So, many boys may devalue academic excellence. If youre a male at a coed school, being an A student does not raise your status with other guys. At many coed schools, being an A student may actually lower your status with other boys. Girls and boys that attend same sex schools tend to have higher test scores and high grades in general, rather than their counterparts that go to coeducational schools. Boys and girls brains develop differently.These differences are especially significant for learning in the early years. Then, as they get older, girls and boys distract each other from academics because of normal social and sexual development. The needs of each sex are solely opposite therefor the emphasis of a school for boys should not be required to be the same as a school for girls. These classes and schools also arrive at kids with learning disabilities. It gives them more time with a teacher and less distractions. Also, teachers are able to create lesson plans that help focus their attention on what they need to be learning.Statistics show that girls excel in reading and writing while boys excel more so in science and math. With single gender classrooms boys could excel in English because teachers could give them topics to write about that interest them. Unlike the topic the teacher would have to pick to go with a coeducational class. Boys could write about gladiators or soldiers, and the teacher not discourage them. But encourage them to become more detailed , even if it is not sweet or nice, because there are no girls in the class to compare it to.The issue to often is boys think writing stories is for girls and geeks. Real boys play games and sports. That is the message which many coed schools today are unintentionally giving to males. Teachers in all-boys schools can send a different message. Girls are more likely to be excessively critical in evaluating their own academic performance. Conversely, boys tend to have unrealistically high estimates of their own academic abilities and accomplishments (Pomerantz396). So with that statement I think teachers who teach single gender classes should focus on promoting girls to hope in themselves.These teachers should help boys to really focus on their academics, rather than let them think unrealistically and challenge them to do better. Psychologists have found fundamental differences in what motivates females, compared to males. Researchers have consistently found that girls are more concern ed than boys are with pleasing adults, such as parents and teachers. Most boys, on the other hand, will be less motivated to study, unless the material itself interest them (Pomerantz, Altermatt, & Saxon, 2002, p. 397). Boys and girls experience different academic difficulties.Therefore, maybe the best thing to do is separate the genders and have teachers who are certified in teaching single gender classrooms teach them. Single sex classes and schools strive to help improve students achievement. Single sex schools are no time-consuming limited to providing an alternative educational route for girls. Today, boys also need this type of school environment, in order to learn effectively and be productive preteen men. Single sex classes and schools can help bring about greater race and social-class equality.This has become the final frontier in creating true equality of educational opportunity for all. Studies have shown when public schools have tried the single gender classrooms the r esults are a decrease in disciplinary problems, higher scores on standardized test, and over all educational achievement. The benefits of single-sex schools are not only just academics. Single-sex education has been shown to expand the students outlook on life. Allowing freedom to explore ones own strengths and interests in life. With no fear of gender stereotypes holding them back.

Findings in Parthenotes Essay

The reason for the halted demotement is accounted for by a number of interesting findings that have been reported. This has been termed as genetic imprinting. Normally and naturally, the maternal and parental genomes have been shown to be epigenetically different, and normal and successful development necessitates both the sets of genomes (Watt, 2007, 554-556). on the other hand, in activated eggs, too called parthenotes, the origin of all the genetic hearty is maternal, this implies that there is no imprinting from the paternal genome.It is a generally accepted accompaniment that parthenotes do not develop a tropoectoderm neither do they develop any of the primitive endoderm and extra embryologic tissue. thitherfore they are not compatible with life they do not develop to term. They resemble ovarian teratodermoids and comp draw closes only of embryonic tissues (Newman-Smith and Werb, 1995, 2069-2077). Calcium and Parthenotes Release of stored calcium ions in precise pulses play s a major role in egg activation. It is a recognized fact that fluctuations in relinquish ionic Calcium concentration serves as chemical signal. (Rhoton-Vlasak, Lu, Barud, Dewald, and Hammitt, 1996, 793-796).Most cell types contain very similar calcium signaling tools and elements. It appears from findings that calcium signals are manifestly ubiquitous (Nanassy, Lee, Javor, and Machaty, 2008, 264-274). They displace be demonstrated both in the somatic cell lines and also in the germ cell lines too. In view of this, it jackpot be stated that the development from oocyte to early embryo is a pre determined sequence of events that occur concurrently in a linear and irreversible manner. at that place is no repetition whatsoever (Susko-Parrish, Leibfried-Rutledge, Northey, Schutzkus, and First, 1994, 729-739).Surprisingly, the context of to each one calcium signal is different in different set of events. There is thus a lofty probability that the Calcium ion which serve as signals in the oocytes and also, the embryo mirror changes in the state of the cell. They are the landmarks for monitoring the development of this cell. It can be state to represent the predetermined programmed events. (Wang, Wang, Yu, and Xu, 2008, 292-301). The process has not been completely demystified by science but some evidence points to the fact that Calcium ions function as entropy messengers in the oocyte cytoplasm.The ions cause the intracellular release of some other stored chemical mediators of this process. (Winston, Johnson, Pickering and Braude, 1991, 904-912). The initial release of the calcium ion would lead to the completion of the indorse meiotic form. ulterior quantal releases of calcium ion would start up the process of cleavage. The fine details of the mechanisms involved are still not known. However, there are some pointers to the fact that the quantal Calcium ion release may be timed to be released at regular intervals for several hours.This is necessary for th e activation of the egg. (Krivokharchenko et al. , 2003, 829-836). A mechanism is proposed each timed release activates some steps that follow previous events and this also leads to the activation of subsequent steps processes (Niwa et al. , 2004, 1560-1567). Relation with Cell Cycle The cMos gives room for the continuance of meiosis from its arrested state. Oocytes that are deficient of this factor are readily activated. They are not so dependent on the firm regulation of the ionic Calcium. (Bos-Mikich, Whittingham, and Jones, 1997, 172-179).During, meiosis, a half of all the chromosomes in the second metaphase division are all removed as the second polar body. The other remaining chromosomes remain in the nucleus of the oocyte . the nucleus thus contains only a half of the genome. The oocyte this carries a haploid nucleus. (Gardner and Davies, 2006, 492-502). As stated above, a discrepancy in the formation of the second polar body, which also translates to halving of the genetic material will lead to the persistence of all the shromosomes that are present in the second metaphase division.This in turn gives rise to a diploid cell. Ozil et al. , 2005, 39-54). (An unfertilized egg differs from a fertilized egg. Since this is a change in the state of the cell, the calcium signal is believed to bring in the changes the cell state. It can be stated as evidenced by the animal models that the calcium signal is sufficiently important in bringing about some or even most of the changes that take place. The other role that the sperm serves aside from triggering the transient calcium flux necessary for fertilization and providing a half of the genome is to stupefy available centrosomes (Taylor and Braude, 1994, 2389-2397).The centrosome is increasingly regarded as the initiator of cell make pass. This action gives room for the duality that is required to divide the cell. The events at fertilization can therefore be viewed as events that are specific for fertilization proper including the ones that are related to the regulation of cell cycle (Gao, Czirr, Chung, Han, and Latham, 2004, 1162-1170). Sperm Incorporation When the sperm is incorporated, the chase events occur. The cortical granules are extruded, the microvilli get elongated, superoxides are produced, and overall metabolic ctivity is heightened. The zona reaction that occurs in fertilization occurs due to exocytosis of the cortical granules, and this also develops fertilization envelope. These both arrest the entry of supernumerary sperm (Cibelli , Cunniff, and Vrana, 2006, 117- 135). The series of events are initiated directly by the ionic calcium changes present at fertilization. The subsequent events involve the union of a variety of proteins that are in control of the division of both unfertilized eggs and oocytes. (Rho, Wu, Kawarsky, Leibo, and Betteridge, 1998, 885-492).Both the normal cells and the oocytes of the various species have their meiotic division arrested at different points of the cycle. All the primitive germ cells have to produce secondary oocytes in order to mature. To be fertilized. The process involves a meiotic division. (Paffoni et al. , 2007, 77-82). This checkpoint mechanism keeps under surveillance the unattached chromosomes. This does not allow the onset of anaphase until all the chromosomes are securely fastened to the microtubules of the kinetochore.Mos, discussed earlier can influence and bypass this checkpoint mechanism, and this results in maintenance of metaphase arrest before fertilization biochemically thus preventing degradation of the cyclins (Fulka, Jr, First, Fulka1, and Moor, 1999, 1582-1587). The calcium signal of fertilization appears not to immediately interact with the activity of Mos signaling. Rather, it assumes an choice pathway that bypasses the checkpoint. It does this by stimulating cyclin degradation. This in turn, is mediated by calmodulin kinase II (CaMKII)-mediated stimulation of cyclin ubiquitination.It go es further to stimulate the proteasome degradation machinery (Whitaker, 2006, 25-88). Germinal Vesicle Breakdown There exists a factor which can be transferred from the mature oocyte to the immature one. This leads to the breaking down of the germinal vesicle. This phenomenon is one of the few observations made that led to the discovery of the CDK/Cyclin Kinases. (Jones, 1998, 7). The womanish germ line cells grow and differentiate in the ovary, and during this time, they briefly pause within the process of meiosis that again with ovulation of the oocytes.The first stopping point of the oocytes in their cell cycle dues not differ from species to species, however, after fertilization, their second stopping points differ indeed vary (Lee and Campbell, 2006, 691-698). Meiosis is initially arrested at the interphase stage with the thermonuclear envelope (still intact) the structure that is germinal vesicle in the immature oocytes. This is where the exchange of genetic material occurs. Just as I mitosis, the cyclin-dependent kinase CDK1/Cyclin B controls the activities of such intracellular organelles such as the nuclear envelope, spindle apparatus and even the nuclear chromatin. Salamone et al. , 2001, 1761-1768).The With the germinal vesicle breakdown, the activities of the cyclins increase. MAP kinase has a key role to play during meiosis, in addition. MAP kinase maintains the condensation of the chromatin in the interphase that intervenes the two meiotic divisions, where DNA synthesis is suppressed. This provides the cellular and biochemical environment for creation of the mature oocyte that remains haploid (Rogers et al. , 2006, 45-57). Inositol Phosphate The evidence points to a role for the InsP3 signaling system and transient calcium fluxes in the control of GVBD during meiosis.Calcium is a central figure in the control of this process including the fashion in which it progresses. Just as fertilization activates GVBD. (Higgins and Kane, 2003, 111-118). Fe rtilization calcium responses have been called termed explosions. After the process of fertilization, the oocyte calcium signaling mechanisms retort to a less vigorous mode. Mature follicles spontaneously starts growing as soon as they are removed from the ovarian stroma (Liu, Trimarchi, and Keefe, 2002, 204-210). Moreover, the growing component also becomes expressed on this removal however, the non viable oocytes will fail to mature.The aforementioned calcium quantal release in exhibited in the mature oocytes, with a frequence of 1 min. this also occurs in growing follicles but the frequency is lower, at 5 min. however, non viable oocytes do not show this quantal relese This implies, cell cycle progression has a link with calcium pulses. (FitzHarris, Larman, Richards, and Carroll, 2005, 4563-4575). It was also demonstrated that immortal stem cells could be manipulated in vitro, providing the opportunity to study early development as well as lineage potential of derived progenito rs in

Active Listening Essay

Listening requires focus and management, and failure to listen is one of the key causes of miscommunication (Sole, K. (Chapter 2, 2011).Making connections Understanding interpersonal communication. San Diego, CA Bridge read Education, Inc). I prize at several(prenominal) point in time everyone has been guilty of believing that they knew someone better than they actually did. When we affect we eff all there is to know ab forbidden a booster rocket or a loved one, I believe that we unknowingly stop sense of hearing to them. One ameliorate example of this would be my dress hat friend Carla and I. Carla and I restrain known each other for many a(prenominal) years, we were friends in High school, roommates in college and godparents to one anothers children, so one would naturally think that we knew each other VERY well. One year for Carlas birthday she asked me to make her a cover, and apparently I agreed. The day of her birthday celebration I arrived with the cake and pres ented it to her, only to have her wind up extremely unhappy.Carla was under the impression that she had specified she cute her favorite cake, which happened to be strawberry, but she did not, had she specified she wanted me to make a strawberry cake I would have declined because i am extremely hypersensitised to strawberries, if I consume them Im nauseated if I touch them I break out in a sever rash. Even after Realizing that she had not requested a strawberry cake she remained upset claiming that as her best friend I should have known she wanted me to make a specific cake and I remained upset because I felt like she either didnt know or didnt care almost my allergies and as a friend neither of those options were ok. At some point we were able to realize that we failed each other.Had we communicated with one another we could have avoided an unnecessary fight. One commission we could have avoided our mis understand would have been to actually say exactly what we wanted each other to know, Carla could have asked for what she wanted from me instead of assuming that since I know how much she loves strawberries, that Id be make a strawberry cakeand I could have asked more questions active what she wanted rather than assume that because she knows my allergies she knew I wouldnt be making her favorite cake.Another way to avoid that type of post is to actually listen and focus on the conversation that youre having. This is where I think active sense of hearing comes into play. We werent intentionally ignoring each other but I think that our long-term friendship and given about how well we knew each other caused us to only listen partly as contrary to completely. In the future I to the full intend to be an active listener and completely consume myself in discussions that I have.ReferencesSole, K. (2011).Making connections Understanding interpersonal communication. San Diego, CA Bridgepoint Education, IncActive Listening EssayActive listening is one of the m ost rewarding skill sets that I have learned from the lesson because it has really contributed to my personal return and my professional lives. Active listening skills refer to the skill of being fully present when you are in a conversation with someone. Very often when we are in a conversation, we are not compensable any attention to what the person is saying. We are just waiting for our turn to talk. We are actually having a conversation in our own heads while the person is talking to us. It is when we are not present in a conversation. Before I realized the importance of active listening, the most important thing in a conversation was that people understood what I was trying to share with them.Meaning that my perspective was the most important thing in a conversation and that they had to understand me. And what I learned over the lesson, was that the best way to nurture a relationship was actually to stop caring about people understanding my point. This lesson reminds me that e ach of us had different experiences, we grow up with different believes, different values, different rules. And how we think and how we lieu everything that goes on around us are always filtered based on the environment we grew up. Throughout the lesson, I had many opportunities to practice my active listening skills by actively participating in the class discussions. later on completed the lesson, I would not say I am an excellent listener, but I unimpeachably feel that I am a better listener. I find myself paying more attention to the speaker and interpreting his/her non-verbal cues, showing that I am listening by probing and providing feedback and clarifying by asking questions. By listen closely, I am able to gain more information about what the person is sharing and to find things that peak my interest. When the person is done with the sharing, I will ask them about what that peaked my interest and let the person respond. By doing so, I am able to understand their point of vi ew and to see things from their perspective.I will not interrupt when the person is speaking as I know that interruption always limit my ability to connect. Improving active listening skills will enable me to reshape my ideas about myself, my beliefs, and everything that are important to me. From now on, I will remind myself to be fully present and fully aware of what others are saying, instead of feeling the urge to find what I am thinking of and what my response is going to be. I will try the best I can to bemuse rid of thinking on my own perspective and to do everything I can to understand the other persons point of view and make them my priority.

Chocolate in the Ivory Coast

In countries like Burkina Faso, Ghana, Togo, and Mali children argon sent away from their families to cocoa farms in exchange for promised money and other useful items for their family. Families will send their children to work, or basically sell, them for promised goods that ar usually never received. Even though it is not slavery, there argon still many virtuous problems with the cocoa farming. The children work long hours, in dangerous conditions, for usually nothing more than a get laid to sleep in and minimal food to eat.Children from these poor countries are sent to The Ivory Coast in search of achievements that will help them in life or help their family, but most of the sequence they are just taken vantage of. Cocoa farming in The Ivory coast is chastely and ethically wrong because the children are taken advantage of and they are forced into a type of slavery The children that are taken from countries like Burkina Faso, Ghana, Togo, and Mali are severely taken advanta ge of for many reasons.First of all, they are promised goods in exchange for their service that most of the clipping are not delivered or provided. Most of the time these work are just ploys to take these children into slavery. Most children go to work at the farms under the printing process that they will learn skills or jobs that they can use to help their family. Most of the time the only skill they learn is how to pick and cut open cocoa beans.As well as being taken advantage of, the children are also forced into hard work that is only slightly different from slave pains. The hours are horribly long, and they rarely get breaks so they basically work all day. The conditions are dangerous, as the children are employ sharp machetes in dense fields, and can often cut themselves or other workers. They are not paid, but work only for a bed to sleep in and a minor amount of food.It is also seldom to find children that leave the farms because they do not know where to go or what t o do. The small food and bed they get is better than starving on the streets for many of them. To conclude, the process of using child labor to farm cocoa in the ivory coast is a very labor intensive and dangerous process that children should not be doing. Families send their children to work at the farms and most of the time the children do not leave. This process violates several moral and ethical standards, and needs to be changed.

Wal-Mart Sex Discrimination

RUNNIG aim WAL-MART SEX DICRIMINATION Always low prices, is the clever motto used by Wal-Mart to lure its customers into the supermarket. Wal-Mart serves customers and members more than two hundred million times per week. They operate downstairs 69 different banners in 27 countries (Frank, 2006). With fiscal social class 2012 sales of approximately $444 billion, Wal-Mart employs 2. 2 million associates worldwide. Wal-Mart has created a facade declaring that their low prices feed benefited all Americans.However, under its disguise of generosity, Wal-Mart has become an unethical workplace from which the workers, the society, and Americans are suffering. Wal-Mart Sex Discrimination Dukes vs. Wal-Mart Inc. History of Walmart In the easy 1940s, surface-to-air missile Walton had a simple but momentous idea. Walton was always looking for deals from suppliers. He realized he could do better than opposite retailers by passing on the savings to his customers and earning his profits thr ough glitz (Frank, 2006). This formed a cornerst one(a) of Waltons business strategy when he launched Wal-Mart in 1962.The decade that began from the seventies was period of substantial economic growth, in the history of Wal-Mart. In 1971, it started off a huge working out by opening a gigantic center and also a home office in Bentonville, Arkansas (Sam Walton). The 70s decade saw a substantial insurrection in the number of employees which amounted to roughly 1500 associates. 1975 the company had expanded to 7500 associated and had 125 operational stores. In 1977, in a extensive takeover, Wal-Mart acquired the Hutcheson Shoe companionship and also introduced a branch for pharmaceuticals by the name Wal-Mart pharmacy.By the end of the decade, Wal-Mart had become a giant in the American retail industry with a turnover of more than 1. 248 billion dollars in sales and 276 stores managed massive yet efficient staff of 21, 000 associates. When Walton died in 1992, the adjustment to a post-Sam environment proved difficult (Sam Walton). Although Wal-Mart executives had emphasized for years that their company depended on a set of principles and habits more than it did on any one person, Waltons death wound up marking a fateful shift in how the company was perceived.Before his death, Walton witnessed the rise of Wal-Mart becoming the biggest corporation of this nation and the world. However, he was unable to see the steady avenue of its destruction. Throughout its path to success, Wal-Mart has turned into a selfish vendor who has forgotten morals, ethics, and mainly America (Frank, 2006). However, the dependency of customers on Wal-Mart is so high that it is impossible to challenge their ways. Waltons Wal-Mart has turned into dominating supermarket by crushing the rights of their employees, by destroying the jobs of many another(prenominal) Americans, and by changing of the quality of life in the American societies.Sex Discrimination According to our book, surfa ce-level diversity is the plain demographic and other overt differences in people, such as their race, ethnicity, gender, age, and physical capabilities (McShane Von Glinow, 2011, p. 21). Sex contrast is authority of surface- level diversity. Discrimination usually occurs when executes of an employer, supervisor or coworkers deny to individuals or groups of people equality of intervention which they may wish. ( Stainback, Ratliff, Roscigno, 2011) Dukes vs. Wal-Mart Inc.In 1986, Walton was sensing some pressure to appoint a woman to Wal-Marts all-male person board (Frank, 2006). So he offered the job to Arkansas first lady, one Hillary Clinton, who accepted. She would later quote Waltons pitch I think I deficiency a woman would you like to be her? Today, Wal-Marts challenges in the field of gender equality are not so easily addressed. The company keeps its payroll be down by paying women less than their male counterparts for performing the same work. Evidence also exists t hat it fails to promote women at the same rate as men.In 1995, Betty Dukes took a job at a Wal-Mart near San Francisco, working as a cashier and greeter for $5 an hour (Frank, 2006). A greeter represents the face of the company as consumers walk through the door. Little did Dukes and Wal-Mart retire that Dukes would ultimately become a face of Wal-Mart nationally, under much different circumstances. In 2000, Dukes found herself denied promotions filed a sex-discrimination suit. The suit alleges that Wal-Mart violated Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Title VII), is the biggest manipulation discrimination case in the history of the United States.Furthermore, the suit hastens an eventual trial for women, who are seeking billions of dollars from Wal-Mart (Hagen, 2011). The case now involves well two million women, and, in 2004, it was certified by Judge Martin J. Jenkins, of the United States District Court in San Francisco as a class action. Title VII prohibits employment discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. When the victim suffers a tangible economic detriment, such as termination or demotion, the employer is rigorously liable under Title VII. (Lavin DiMichele, 2012).Discrimination is a difficult thing to prove. According to numbers compiled in 2003 by the plaintiffs, female store managers comely slightly under $90,000 in annual income, while their male counterparts average slightly over $100,000. And while women make up 79 percent of the stores department heads (an hourly position), just now 15. 5 percent are store managers. When the Supreme Court dismissed Dukes vs. Wal-Mart due to the complexity of proving such a large number of claims to be true, Wal-Mart likely believed that it could close the door on that decade-long (Levine, 2008) .However, Dukes and her peers havent given up, almost 2,000 current and former female employees across the country have filed gender discrimination complaints with the E qual Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC). Of the 1,975 EEOC complaints, the largest number of complaints came from Florida, with 284 filings, followed by Alabama with 142 filings and Georgia with 119 filings. The EEOC complaints preserve the womens right to sue Wal-Mart for gender discrimination in pay and promotions, despite the dismissal of the Dukes class.Till this day, the women are motionlessness fighting this long battle and hoping it gets settled soon. Wal-Mart is Labeled as Cheap Wal-Mart is legendary for its cheapness across its operations. Wal-Mart forces its executives to share hotel rooms when they travel at their expense. The allegations do seem to whole some kind of faithfulness to it. Wal-Mart single-minded devotion to lower prices, one might predict that they would only restrict in employment discrimination to the extent that it serves efficiency goals. A company that prioritizes low prices might lawfully provide extra benefits and pay low wages across the b oard.Such a company might also commit widespread, nondiscriminatory take violations if it thought that the benefits of such violations would outweigh the probability and costs of detection. Thus, the charges of overtime violations that led to Wal-Marts federal and state settlements are fairly unsurprising (Wexler, 2011) A company desiring low labor costs might also engage in so-called rational discrimination by excluding or disfavoring workers who are accurately forecasted to raise costs for the company (Wexler, 2011). Some evidence suggests that Wal-Mart does in fact engage in such practices.In particular, Wal-Mart settled several(prenominal) disability discrimination cases in which it was charged with using pre-employment questionnaires to screen out employees with medical or other disability-related issues. Even after the entry of a 2004 consent decree in a class action disability discrimination case, over one-hundred plaintiffs have filed new charges contending that Wal-Mart fa ils to provide reasonable accommodations, fires disabled employees, and uses a pass along of absence bait-and-switch to force disabled employees out. ConclusionEthics plays a huge role in this decade long battle. peerless ethical principle that stands out to me is Distributive Justice. Its a principle which suggests that people who are same to each other should receive similar benefits and burdens those who are dissimilar should receive different benefits and burdens in equilibrium to their dissimilarity (McShane Von Glinow, 2011, p. 53). The case, deals with distributive justice. I believe that everyone should be paid the same if insideng the exact same job, disregardless of gender.Women works just as hard a man if not harder in the corporate world. References. Awards. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http//corporate. walmart. com/our-story/awards Hagen, W. (2011). Dissection and analysis of the Recent Cases on Employment Discrimination Under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 196 4. Employee Responsibilities Rights Journal, 23(3), 171-186. doi10. 1007/s10672-010-9163-x Frank, T. A. (2006, April). Everyday low vices. Retrieved from http//www. washingtonmonthly. com/features/2006/0604. frank. html McShane, S.L. , and Von Glinow, M. A. (2010) Organizational Behavior, 5th Edition, McGraw-Hill/Irwin, New York. Lavin, H. S. , DiMichele, E. E. (2012). Are You My Supervisor? The Scope of supervisory Authority Under Title VII. Employee Relations Law Journal, 38(3), 89-94. Levine, D. (2008, September 21). Walmart gender discrimination lawsuit allowed to proceed, hear says. Retrieved from http//www. huffingtonpost. com/2012/09/22/walmart-gender-discrimination_n_1905204. html Sam walton. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http//corporate. almart. com/our-story/heritage/sam-walton Stainback, K. , Ratliff, T. N. , Roscigno, V. J. (2011). The Context of piece of work Sex Discrimination Sex Composition, Workplace Culture and Relative Power. Social Forces, 89(4), 1165-1188 Wexler , L. (2011). WAL-MART MATTERS. Wake Forest Law Review, 46(1), 95-121. Appendix * In the past 5 years at Walmart stores in the U. S. * Female co-managers have increased by 143% * Female store managers have increased by 46% * Female market managers have increased by 49%

Steam Distillation

CONTENTS CONTENTS PAGES 1) Abstract 2-3 2) Introduction 4-6 3) Objectives, Materials and Apparatus, Chemicals 7 4) Method 8 5) Results 9-11 6) word 12 7) Conclusion 13-14 8) References 15 ABSTRACT This audition is about go concentratement by victimization Daltons Law. The objectives of this experiment ar to demonstrate a judicial separation of a alloy by utilise go distillment and next to prove that Dalton Law and exalted gas constabulary atomic number 18 applicable in steam distillation. Daltons Law While high-flown Gas Law This experiment is conducted by placing 2mL of turps and 15mL of piss into the flaskful. 0mL receive cylinder is employ as the receiver. All the connections ar make certainly tighten. Next,two b anointing chips are added to ensure smooth bubbling and prevent bumping of the liquid up into the distillation head. The heating mantle is adjusted to give vigorous boiling. The first 1. 5mL of distillment is discarded and the next 5mL is collecte d. The volumes of the water and turpentine classs in this distillate are recorded. The recorded volume is then compared with the ideal steam distillation law using the tabulated vapour wring and densities. The volume of water and turpentine recorded areTurpentine=1. 7mL water supply=3. 3mL turpentine -_-_-_-_-_-_- -_-__-_-_-_Water-_-_-_-_-_-__-_-_-_-_-__-_-_-_-_-__-_-_-_-_-_- In conclusion,it is proven that turpentine and water goat be break startd using the steam distillation. INTRODUCTION Daltons Law of Partial Pressures states that for a concoction of gases in a comporter, the total wedge is constitute to the bring of the pressures of each gas. Where P1 is the partial pressure of gas 1, P2 is the partial pressure of gas 2, and so on OR In the experiment of the steam distillation,we applied the Daltons Law of Partiaal Pressure combine with Ideal Gas Law. steam clean distillation is a special type of distillation (a separation process) for temperature sensitive materia ls like internal aromatic compounds. Steam distillation is employed in the manufacture of essential oil, for instance, perfumes. In this method steam is passed through the plant material containing the desired oils. It is also employed in the synthetic procedures of complex natural compounds. Eucalyptus oil and orange oil are obtained by this method in industrial scale. fingerbreadth 1 Laboratory set-up for steam distillation distillation Temperature and Composition of Distillate As with ordinary distillations, the boiling point is the temperature at which the total vapor pressure twins the atmospheric pressure. If the vapor pressures of the two shares are known at several(prenominal) temperatures, the distillation temperature is found readily by plotting the vapor pressure curves of the individual comp wholenessnts and making a 3some curve showing the sum of the vapor pressures at the various temperature. The steam distillation temperatures ordain be the point where the su m equals the atmospheric pressure.Knowing the distillation temperature of the compartmentalization and the vapor pressures of the pure comp singlents at that temperature, one support calculate the story of the distillate by means of Daltons law of partial pressures. According to Daltons law, the total pressure(P) in any mixture of gases is equal to sum of the partial pressures of the individual gaseous components (? A , ? B, etc). The proportion by volume of the two components in the distilling vapor will consequently be equal to the ratio of the partial pressures at that temperature the molar proportion of the two components (?A and ? B) in steam distillation will be given by the relationship ? A/? B = ? A/ ? B, where ? A + ? B equals the atmospheric pressure. The lading proportion of the components is obtained by introducing the molecular weight (MA and MB) Weight of A / weight of B = (? A x MA) / (? B x MB) Example . Consider a specific case, such as the steam distillation of bromobenzene and water. Since the sum of the individual vapor pressures (see Figure to a lower place) attains 760 mm at 95. 2? , the mixture will distill at this temperature. At 95. 2? the vapor pressures are bromobenzene, 120mm and water, 640mm. ccording to Daltons law, the vapor at 95. 2? will be composed of molecules of bromobenzene and of water in the proportion 120640. the proportion by weight of the components can be obtained by introducing their molecular weights. Weight of bromobenze / weight of water = (120 x 157)/(640 x 18) = 1. 63/1. 00 Bromobenzene= 1. 63/(1. 00 + 1. 63) x coke% = 62% Water = 1. 00/(1. 00 + 1. 63) x snow% = 38% The weight study of the distillate will therefore be 62% bromobenzene and 38% water. OBJECTIVE To demonstrate a separation of a mixture by using steam distillation MATERIALS/APPARATUS/EQUIPMENT 00 ml bottomed flask, 50 ml Erlenmeyer flask, stoppers, naphthalene, salicylic acid. METHOD Steam Distillation of Turpentine 1. The apparatus for ste am distillation are arranged as shown in Figure 1. 50 ml of distilling flask and 10 ml graduated cylinder is used as the receiver. 2. In the flask, 5 ml, (4. 3g) of turpentine ( bp 156-165 at 760 mm) and 15 ml, of water is placed. 3. ii boiling chips are added and the heating mantle is adjusted to give vigorous boiling. It is essential for the success of this experiment that the mixture boiled rapidly with good change integrity of the two phases.Because the point of this experiment is to measure an sense of balance composition and the initial distillate may non have time to equilibrate, the first 1. 5 ml of distillate is discarded and the next 5 ml is collected. 4. The volumes of the water and the turpentine storeys at this distillate are recorded. 5. The ratio of the volumes actually found is compared with the ratio calculated from the ideal steam distillation law using the tabulated vapor pressure and densities. 6. The distillation temperature observed is compared with the ca lculated value. RESULTS turpentine -_-_-_-_-_-_- _-__-_-_-_Water-_-_-_-_-_-__-_-_-_-_-__-_-_-_-_-__-_-_-_-_-_- Turpentine = 5. 0mL Water = 15. 0mL Weight composition Water = 15. 0 x 100 20. 0 = 75 % Turpentine = 5. 0 x 100 20. 0 = 25 % The weight composition that will be distillate will be 75 % water and 25 % turpentine. After the mixture have been distilled, here is the result Total volume of distillate = 5. 0mL Turpentine = 1. 7mL Water = 3. 3mL Weight composition Water = 3. 3 x 100 5. 0 = 66 % Turpentine = 1. 7 x 100 5. 0 = 34 % Ratio of turpentine to water Turpentine Water 0. 34 0. 66Weight of turpentine/ Weight of water = 0. 34 x 12(10)+1(16) / 0. 66 x 1(2)+1(16) = (0. 34 x 136) / (0. 66 x 18) = 46. 24 / 11. 88 = 3. 8923 Turpentine = 46. 24 / (46. 24+11. 88) x 100% = 79. 5595 % Water = 11. 88/ (46. 24+11. 88) x 100% = 20. 4405 % Temperature, T/C Volume of distillate, V/mL 94 1st 1. 5mL 94 1 94 2 94 3 94 4 94 5 DISCUSSION 1. What properties essential a substance have for a steam distillation to be practical? For steam distillation of a substance to be carried out, the substance must be heat sensitive. It must possess a lour boiling point than water.This method is also prudent for highly volatile liquids because highly volatile liquids denatures at high temperatures. 2. What are the advantages and the disadvantages of steam distillation as a method of purification? Among the advantages of steam distillation is constituent(a) compounds which is steam distilled will evaporate at write down temperatures, most probably below their temperature of denaturation. Besides that, heat sensitive aromatic compounds which can non be distilled by direct heating can be touch on. On the different hand, the disadvantages of this method are this method is not exactly suitable for all types of aromatic oils.Only certain types of aromatic oils are suitable to be processed using this method. Furthermore the heat is difficult to control causing the rate of distillat ion to be variable. -Our group apparatus got some problems. The turpentine that has been distillated accumulated at the joint of the apparatus. This is because the apparatus less slope, leads the turpentine to accumulate, resulting immense time to collect the distillated turpentine. CONCLUSION Steam distillation is a special type of distillation (a separation process) for temperature sensitive materials like natural aromatic compounds.Many organic compounds tend to decompose at high prolong temperatures. Separation by normal distillation would then not be an option, so water or steam is introduced into the distillation apparatus. By adding water or steam, the boiling points of the compounds are depressed, allowing them to evaporate at frown temperatures, preferably below the temperatures at which the deterioration of the material becomes appreciable. Therefore, as the conclusion, it is proven that turpentine and water can be separated by using steam distillation.It is also known that water has a high density than turpentine. Next, Daltons law (also called Daltons law of partial pressures) states that the total pressure exerted by a gaseous mixture is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of each individual component in a gas mixture. This observational law was observed by John Dalton in 1801 and is related to the ideal gas laws. On the other hand, the ideal gas law is stated as the equation of state of a hypothetical ideal gas. It is a good approximation to the behavior of many gases under many conditions, although it has several limitationsTherefore, as both(prenominal)(prenominal) of these laws are involved, we can conclude that both Daltons Law and Ideal Gas Law are applicable in steam distillation. Based on the result of the experiment, water contains 80% and turpentine contain 20% portion. Some errors might have occurred during the experiment that caused the results to be differed from the theory. During the experiment, the apparatus must hand le guardedly because it is easily broken. To increase the accuracy of the result, thermometer is used in the flask so we can read the temperature in the flask.We must use stopper to close the flask because it can avoid the water vapour hedge to the environment REFERENCES John R. Dean, Alan M. Jones, David Holmes, Rob Reed, Jonathan Weyers and Allan Jones (2002). Practical Skills in Chemistry. Edinburgh Gate, Harlow, Great Britain Prentice-Hall Carl W. Garland, Joseph W. Nibler, David P. Shoemaker, (2003). Experiments In Physical Chemistry. 7th Edition. vernal York, N. Y. McGraw-Hill Umland and Bellama (1999). General Chemistry. 3rd ed. Pacific Grove, CA Brooks/Cole Publishing Company APPENDICESSteam DistillationExperiment 2 Isolation of Eugenol from Cloves Background Readings on Vapor pressure, Raoults Law from TRO A mixture of the essential oils, eugenol and acetyleugenol, will be steam distilled from cloves. These compounds are isolated from aqueous distillate by inception in to dichloromethane. The dichloromethane solution is shaken with aqueous sodium hydroxide, which will react with eugenol, to yield the sodium table salt of eugenol in the basic aqueous layer, and acetyleugenol in the organic layer. The basic aqueous layer can be acidified to re- kindle eugenol from it.And the organic layer can be dried and concentrated to yield acetyleugenol The principle of steam distillation is based on the fact that two immiscible liquids will boil at a lower temperature than the boiling points of either pure component, because the total vapor pressure of the heterogeneous mixture is simply the sum of the vapor pressures of the individual components (i. e. PT = PoA + PoB, where Po is the vapor pressure of the pure liquids). This leads to a higher(prenominal) vapor pressure for the mixture than would be predicted for a solution using Raoults Law(applies for iscible mixtures) (that is PT = Po(A)n(A) + Po(B)n(B), where n is the mole fraction of the component in the mixture). The higher total vapor pressure leads to a lower boiling point for the mixture than for either single component. The boiling point of eugenol, an oil found in cloves, is 248 C, but it can be isolated at a lower temperature by performing a co-distillation with water. Steam distillation allows separating substances at lower temperatures which is useful since many organic compounds tend to decompose at high temperatures which regular distillation would require.For steam distillation to be successful, the material to be isolated must be insoluble in water. Usually these compounds have a low vapour pressure. After mixing them with water, however, the mixture will distil when the sum of the two vapour pressures reaches atmospheric pressure. It follows, then, that this must happen below the boiling point of water. Note that by steam distillation, as long as water is present, the high-boiling component vaporizes at a temperature well below its normal boiling point without using a vacuum.Since eugenol is not soluble in water, the concentration of the eugenol in the vapor everyplace the boiling eugenol water suspension does not depend on concentration of the eugenol. The relative tallys of eugenol and water in the vapor simply depend on the vapor pressures of the pure materials. The vapor pressure of water at 100 C is 760 torr, and the vapor pressure of eugenol at 100 C is approximately 4 torr (Note, the suspension boils when its vapor pressure is equal to the external pressure.Since both the eugenol and the water are contributing to the vapor pressure of the suspension, the suspension will boil forrader either pure substance would normally boil. ) Since the distillate will contain both water and eugenol, the eugenol must be extracted from the water using an organic solvent. Once the eugenol is extracted into an organic solvent,the organic layer is separated from the aqueous layer and dried. The eugenol is finally isolated by evaporation of the organic solv ent. When the sum of the separate vapor pressures equals the total pressure, he mixture boils and P =P(A) + P(B) Where PA is vapor pressure of pure water A PB is vapor pressure of pure B 1 Then the vapor composition is Y (A)= PA/P Y(B) =PB/P Daltons Law PAV1 = nART1 and PBV2 = nBRT2 V1 = V2 and T1 = T2 n = moles, The ratio moles of B distilled to moles of A distilled is OH OCH3 OAc OCH3 Eugenol AcetyleugenolObjectives To extract Eugenol and Acetyleugeonol from cloves To separate the mixture of eugenol and acetyleugenol using their acid-? base properties. To characterize eugenol and acetyleugenol using tender loving care(Rf values) andRefractive index. Glassware Beaker to toilet the cloves, Erlenmeyer flasks(2, 50-? ml), storage container+ distillation glassware(there should be an assembly in the fume hood) Procedure Week 1 Steam Distillation Place 10 g of whole cloves (ground using a mortar and pestle by the teacher) in a 100-mL round-bottom flask, add 50 mL of water, and set up an apparatus for simple-minded distillation- steam (will be set up in the fumehood and you can draw the set up date in the testing ground) will be generated in situ(50 ml of water added to the flask will generate the steam).Heat the flask until boiling begins, then reduce the heat just enough to prevent foam from being carried oer into the receiver. Use a 50-mL Erlenmeyer flask as a receiver(the distillate will collect in the flask thro a funnel) and transfer periodically your distillate to a 50-mL graduated cylinder. While you have removed one receiver, do not forget to replace the Erlenmeyer flask with a second one(that is clean and dry). 2 safeguard It is important that the cloves remain covered with water at all times. Or else, the cloves will burn and mickleAlso, the distillation has to be steady. If not the mixture will foam and the foam will drop down the condenser into the receiving flask. And this would contaminate the distillate. Save the distillate in a tightly capped bottle for the pursuance week. Week 2 Separation of Eugenol and Acetyleugenol via acid/base extraction Place the 50 mL of distillate in a 125-mL separatory funnel and extract with three 10-mL portions of dichloromethane. Combine the dichloromethane extracts and reserve 1 mL for thin layer chromatography. teacher will explain this step) To separate eugenol from acetyleugenol pour back the dichloromethane extracts into the separatory funnel, extract the dichloromethane solution with 5% aqueous sodium hydroxide solution. Carry out this extraction three times, using 5-mL portions of sodium hydroxide each time. KEEP the aqueous extracts (it contains eugenol) and dry the organic layer over sodium sulfate (add enough so the drying instrument no longer clumps together but appears to be a dry powder as it settles in the solution).Swirl the flask to complete the drying process and let the drying agent settle for 1 minute before decanting into a DRY and TARED Erlenmeyer flask, rinse the dryi ng agent with two 2-mL portions of dichloromethane. fade the solution on a steam bath, the residue should be aetyleugenol. Acidify the combined aqueous extracts to pH 1 with concentrated hydrochloric acid (use Litmus paper to monitor the pH), and then extract the eugenol with three 5-mL portions of dichloromethane.Dry the combined extracts over sodium sulfate, as done before, decant into a DRY and TARED Erlenmeyer flask, and evaporate the solution on a steam bath, the residue should be eugenol. Cleaning Up Combine all aqueous layers, oppose with sodium carbonate, dilute with water, and flush down the drain. Any solutions containing dichloromethane should be placed in the halogenated organic waste container. Wash up all glassware with soap and water. Analysis Calculate the weight percent yields of eugenol and acetyleugenol oils based on the weight of cloves used. Analyze your products sing refraction index. Analyze your products using thin layer chromatography (TLC). Eluent diclor omethane-hexane (12 or 21)Vizualization under UV light and iodine chamber AS Co AE AS Acetyleugenol Standard Co Co-spot AE Acetyleugenol Extract ES Co EE ES Eugenol Standard Co Co-spot EE Eugenol Extract ES Co CM ES Eugenol Standard Co Co-spot CM double-dyed(a) Mixture First a TLC domicile is prepared by spotting the purified unknown and an accredited sample of each possible compound. Then the TLC plate is developed. For the next step (co-spotting), an authentic sample of the 3 ompound closest in Rf value to the unknown is chosen. TLC co-spotting of a second plate allows for preliminary identification of your compound. Three spots are applied to the adsorbent on the baseline of the TLC plate the purified unknown, an authentic sample, and a co-spot of unknown and authentic sample. If the developed TLC plate shows only one row of spots, it can be concluded that the unknown has been purifed, and that the unknown is possibly the same compound as the authentic sample.However , because Rf values are relative, not absolute, some compounds may have very like Rf values Pre-? ab FOR WEEK 1 only All the required formulae for the caculations have been presented here. indeed googling is not required. MSDS is required for the following chemicals Eugenol and acetyl eugenol. Pre-? lab should be complete to the best of your ability before the lab. Answers will be discussed during the lab. For the procedure You will draw the glassware set up when you come to the lab Just come prepared with titles, objectives, MSDS. Questions from pre-lab should ensure that you have understood the theory behind WEEK 1 Distillation. 1a. What is the vapour pressure of benzene at 80 egrees celcius. Explain the term vapour pressure. 1b. What is an azeotrope? How would the term azeotrope turn over in this experiment? 2a. The vapor pressure of water at 99oC is 733 torr. What is the vapor pressure of eugenol that codistills at this temperature? The amount of the substance X that co-? d istills together with the water is given by Pwater/px = nwater/nx n(water) = moles of water n(X)= moles of Eugenol 2b. Calculate the megabucks of eugenol that co-distills with each gram of water at 99oC. How many grams of water must be distilled to steam distill 2 grams of eugenol from an aqueous solution?Calculate mass% for both eugenol and water. 3. What is the difference between essential oil and fatty oil? What would be suitable IUPAC name for eugenol and acetyl eugenol? 4. Based on the formulae presented so far, stir one disadvantage of steam distillation of organic compounds. 5. Steam distillation may be used to separate a mixture of 4-? nitrophenol and 2-? nitrophenol. The 2-? nitrophenol distills at 93 degrees but the 4-? nitrophenol does not. Explain. 6. List your observations during the lab Record the temperatures at various times, nature of the distillate, odour.. 4