Linking instruction Essay

Teaching is always perceived as a straightforward process whereby teachers provide instruction and students learn. With this perspective, teaching is seen as a simple instruction–learning process. In actual practice, it is more realistic to view assessment as an integral component of the teaching process. In fact, it has been estimated that teachers devote at least one-third of their professional time to assessment-related activities (Stiggins & Conklin, 1992). Assessment can and should provide relevant information that both enhances instruction and promotes learning. In other words, there should be a close alignment between theory, instruction and assessment. With this expanded conceptualization of teaching, instruction and assessment are integrally related, with assessment providing objective feedback about what the students have learned, how well they have learned it, how effective the instruction has been, and what information, concepts, and objectives require more attention. Instead of teaching being limited to an instruction–learning process, it is conceptualized more accurately as an instruction–learning–assessment process. For example, a misaligned curriculum, instruction, and assessment had been seen as one factor that led to poor student achievement. In the past, standardized norm-referenced tests, used traditionally for accountability, have only partially aligned with curricular materials and classroom instruction. These conditions obviously result in poor test scores (Burger, n. d. ). Using the standards-led alignment approach, this policy sought to align, integrate, and connect components of schools as systems (e. g. , assessments, curriculum, instruction, and accountability). According to Linn & Herman (1997), standards-led alignment should use local content standards as the focal point to: †¢ foster the use of multiple assessment sources and methods, †¢ describe how classroom and accountability assessment relate to each other, †¢ align accountability and classroom assessment with learner outcomes, and †¢ ensure that teachers and administrators use appropriate forms of assessment, are skilled in interpreting data, can plan for re-teaching activities using data, and can evaluate the impact of specific programs and instructional strategies. To begin the alignment process, Allington and Cunningham (2002) advocated a comprehensive policy review to determine where all system elements connect (e. g. , curriculum, instruction, and leadership). Stiggins and Conklin (1992) illustrated the important role that teachers play in the process of aligning instruction and assessment methods with theory: As a nation, we spend billions of dollars on educational assessment, including hundreds of millions for international and national assessments, and additional hundreds of millions for statewide testing programs. On top of these, the standardized tests that form the basis of district-wide testing programs represent a billion dollar industry. If we total all of these expensive, highly visible, politically important assessments, we still account for less than 1 percent of all the assessments conducted in America’s schools. The other 99 percent are conducted by teachers in their classrooms on a moment-to-moment, day-to-day, and week-to-week basis. In summary, if an educational institution wants to have effective teachers, they needs incorporate in their educational paradigm to link theory in the methods of instruction and assessment. Instruction and assessment are both instrumental parts of the teaching process, and assessment is a major component of a teacher’s day-to-day job. Knowing the connection of these, teachers can obtain information that promotes self-understanding and they will have more ability to help students plan for the future. For example, parents and students can use assessment information to make educational plans and select careers that best match a student’s abilities and interests. References Allington, R. L. , & Cunningham, P. M. (2002). Schools that work: Where All Children Read and Write.Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon. Linn, R. , & Herman, J. L. (1997, February). A Policy Maker’s Guide to Standards-Led Assessment. Denver, CO: Education Commission of the States. Burger, D. (n. d. ). Using Standards-Led Policy to Align Assessment and Accountability Systems. Honolulu: Pacific Resources for Education and Learning. Retrieved 2 November 2006 at http://www. prel. org/products/re_/standards-led. htm. Stiggins, R. & Conklin, N. (1992). In Teachers’ Hands: Investigating the Practice of Classroom Assessment. New York: SUNY Press.

Research Paper on Impact of Attitude on Job Satisfaction Essay

The survey showed positive and negative relations with job satisfaction. It was clear after the survey that high organizational commitment, high core self-evaluation and positive behavior towards the organization resulted in high job satisfaction. Whereas emotion should be controlled by employees to achieve satisfaction on the job. On the other hand cognition is a controversial issue. High cognition may either affect satisfaction of an employee positively or negatively. The relationship between job satisfaction and cognitive dissonance is negatively related. The findings suggest incorporating these attitudes of employees may provide organizations with the potential to improve job satisfaction significantly. Keywords: Organizational commitment, emotions, cognition, behavior, cognitive dissonance, core self-evaluation, job satisfaction.†Job satisfaction is defined as â€Å"the extent to which people like (satisfaction) or dislike (dissatisfaction) their jobs† This definition says job satisfaction is a general or global affective reaction that individuals hold about their job (Stahl & Michael, 2004). The traditional job satisfaction facets include: co-workers, pay, job conditions, supervision, nature of the work and benefits. Job satisfaction mainly implies doing a job one enjoys, doing it well, and being suitably rewarded for one’s efforts. Further, job satisfaction implies enthusiasm and happiness with one’s work. The Harvard Professional Group (1998) sees job satisfaction as the keying ingredient that leads a person to recognition, income, promotion, and the achievement of other goals that lead to a general feeling of fulfillment. Job Satisfaction is influenced by a lot of factors but in our survey we concentrated on a few and they are organizational commitment, emotions, cognition, behavior, cognitive dissonance and core self-evaluation (Zidle, 2012). There are many methods for measuring job satisfaction. By far, the most common method for collecting data regarding job satisfaction is the  Likert scale  (named after  RensisLikert). Other less common methods of for gauging job satisfaction include: Yes/No questions, True/False questions, point systems, checklists, and forced choice answers.

Ballet Don Quixote

Marius Petipa was born in Marseille, France in 1818 moved to St. Petersburg in 1847 from Italy and died in Gurzuf Ukraine in 1910. He worked for nearly 60 years at the Mariinsky Theatre in St. Petersburg and had a profound influence on modern classical Russian ballet. He directed many of the greatest artists in Russian ballet and developed ballets that retain an important position in Russian dance repertoire.After Marius Petipa's debut in Nantes, France, in 1838, he danced in Belgium, France, and the United States before accepting an engagement in Spain, where he gathered material for ballets later produced in Russia. He established a reputation as a talented pantomime artist and one of the outstanding dancers of his day. Petipa made his initial appearance at the St. Petersburg Mariinsky Theatre in 1847 in Paquita. For his wife, the ballerina Mariya Surovshchikova, he created Le Marche des Paris (1859; â€Å"Parisian Market†; staged as Le Marche des innocents, 1861).His first outstanding success was La fille du pharaon (1862; â€Å"The Pharaoh's Daughter†). Later, after becoming choreographer in 1862 and chief choreographer in 1869, Petipa produced more than 60 ballets, working from carefully detailed plans that became the basis of modern classical ballet in Russia. He collaborated with Tchaikovsky on The Nutcracker (Casse Noisette, choreographed by his assistant Lev Ivanov) and The Sleeping Beauty and presented versions of Swan Lake, Raymonda, and Giselle that have been revived frequently.Among other major ballets are his Don Quixote (1869), La Bayadere (1877), and Le Corsaire (1899). The composer who collaborated with Petipa in creating Don Quixote ballet was Aloisius Ludwig Minkus. His biographical information is very diverse but the most commonly data on his origin states that he was born in Vienna in 1826. There are opinions that he was of Polish or Czech origin. His first compositions were light music for dancing. His first public presentati on of ballet music was an en'tracte included into a Moscow performance of Adam's Orfa.In1861 Minkus worked in the Bolshoi Theater, first as violin soloist, later he became a composer of the theatre and in 1864 he was became a ballet composer at the Bolshoi. His career in Bolshoi was interrupted by the trip to France and on returning to Russia the composer started creating ballet music for Petipa’s works. In 1868 Petipa made Don Quixote ballet for the Bolshoi Theater, with music composed by Minkus in the same year. The ballet was a well-deserved success being first performed in 1869 in Bolshoi Theater in Moscow. It was fame for both Minkus and Petipa.This was beginning of fruitful activity by Minkus, and in 1877 appeared one of his most successful compositions La Bayadere, Roxana or The Beauty from Montenegro in 1878 and many others. Though the ballet by Petipa on music by Minkus was not the first attempt to put the well known novel into music and dances Petipa's version of Do n Quixote, is considered as the standard ballet version of Cervantes’ story with the popular virtuoso pas de deux. The great deal of ballet success depends on the style of this ballet which is mostly determined by Minkus’ music.Minkus ballet music is filled with rhythm, vigour and energetic melody. Don Quixote music is often regarded as ordinary music which does not exceed the bounds of traditional accompaniment to the dance. In fact, Don Quixote score is devoid of rich colors typical of later ballet music, it does not explore moving lyricism like Swan’s Lake by Tchaikovsky. We also cannot feel any symphonic depth or other features which are distinctive for the best ballet scores. However, this music is extraordinary dancing, with deep rich rhythm and thus it helps the dance to adopt the necessary emotionality and vividness.Don Quixote music is dynamic and it is very important for the comedy performance, it explores hot temper, melody and cheerful passion the fe atures so typical for Spanish melodies. Minkus’ music is both the accompaniment and impulse to dance. Don Quixote is described as a â€Å"bol’shoi balet† in the Soviet catalogue of Petipa’s works (Slonimsky 1971, 377-388). A translation of the French ballet a grand spectacle, the term is used to describe ballets that resemble nineteenth-century grand operas in their length, the complexity of their narratives, and tendency toward visual spectacle.(Scholl 1994, 4-5) Because these works dominated the Petersburg stage from the 1860s through the 1890s, and because Russian ballet had no serious competitors in Europe by the 1870s, the Petipa â€Å"grand ballet† has come to represent the ballet style of the late nineteenth century. Petipa, the founder of romantic dance in Russia, developed two versions of the ballet – one was created specially for Bolshoi Theater and the second one was created for Mariinsky Theater in St. Petersburg.This second vers ion contained such elements like â€Å"white act† with its strict symmetry and the famous final virtuoso pas de deux. As Scholl observes, before the work was staged in St Petersburg, Peterburgskaya gazeta, the newspaper best representing local balletomane opinion, reported on the Moscow production: Don Quixote was staged in Moscow in the decadent manner. As an example, several dances were staged so that on one side of the stage they danced one way, and on the other side, to the same music, other dances were performed. (1 September 1901), (57)Petipa’s main objections center around the primacy of dance in Don Quixote in which, scenery, and costumes were of secondary importance and respectively the music had to act only as accompaniment and incentive. Don Quixote is a successful combination of perfect and vivid dancing with emotional music. While being brisk and full of vigor the Minkus’ music in no way dominates the dance itself. The dancers appear before the spec tators in their full advantage. As it was already stated the music was best suited for the plot related to events with hot Spanish characters.This music is distinguished by its gift to set any listener to feel like dancing. And that was, probably, why exactly Muniks’ music was chosen for this ballet. Minkus adored waltz and his passion for that style determined the presence of gypsies, rajahs, Spanish bullfighters, Indian temple maidens dancing to a waltz rhythm in Don Quixote ballet. Though the ballet does not have clear development of the plot it attracts the spectators by its effervescent, masterly dances parade so prolific in the ballet.The dance here serves as the natural expression of the action taking place on the stage. Don Quixote heroes are not simple performers of numerous dance issues; they live in their dance and express through it their thoughts and feelings. The spectator gladly forgives the bit parts prepared for Don Quixote and his faithful Sancho Panza and r eadily accepts cheerful Kitri and her friend Basilio. These two young heroes are definitely more appropriate for such vivid and passionate music than old knight in heavy armour.Petipa displays a remarkable command of mass on the stage and the form taken by his dancing shows considerable imagination. The choreography and staging Petipa devised for the ballet were similarly ostentatious. The ballet’s ballabile featured 36 dancers with baskets of flowers on their heads containing children who suddenly appeared in the dance’s final pose. Scholl sums up Petipa’s choreography as â€Å"the culmination of the evolution of a particular type of theatrical dancing, designed to exploit the scenic potential of the proscenium stage.The ballet’s emphasis of the human body’s maximal legibility evolved as the Renaissance perspective stage was developed†. (8) As consequence, the perfect combination of Petipa’s choreographic approach and Minkus’ music developed into a sunny comedy with farcical elements. Petipa-Minkus ballet Don Quixote convinces the spectator that ballet is great art. Ballet can express thoughts, create harmony and an integral map of the world as any other artistic form of expression. Reference list: Koegler, Horst. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Ballet, 2nd ed.Oxford, 1982. Noble, Jeremy. â€Å"Legends of the Maryinsky. † Dance Magazine. Vol. 73. Issue: 6. June 1999, p. 57. Scholl, Tim From Petipa to Balanchine: Classical Revival and the Modernization of Ballet. New York: Routledge, 1994 Sedov, Yaroslav. â€Å"Inside the Bolshoi†. Russian Life. Vol. 47. Issue: 6. November-December 2004, p. 22 –, â€Å"The Museum of Ballet†. Russian Life. Vol. 48. Issue: 1. January-February 2005, p. 38 Slonimsky, Yuri. Marius Petipa: materialy, vospominaniya, stat’i. [Marius Petipa: Materials, Reminiscences, Articles], Leningrad, 1971

Petrochemical Industry of Saudi Arabia Dissertation

Petrochemical Industry of Saudi Arabia - Dissertation Example The petrochemical industry is regarded as one of the most important of all sectors in the economy of Saudi Arabia owing to the volume and proportion of revenue that it contributes to the national income of the nation. The records of the year 2005 state that Saudi Arabia consists of almost 250 petrochemical firms of diverse sizes which invest a gross yearly amount of US$ 29 billion in the industry. In addition, the nation is accountable for exporting petrochemical products worth US$ 3.2 billion. The nation is also home to the Saudi Arabian Basic Industries Corporation (SABIC), which is the world’s 11th largest producer of petroleum and also one of the world’s fastest growing companies (Shoult, 2006). At present, Saudi Arabia is the largest producer of oil in the world accounting for producing 10.5 million barrels per day annually, which serves the needs of one-tenth of the global population. The nation’s potential capacity is believed to be 262 billion barrels per day (Falola & Genova, 2005). The objectives of the present research paper could be stated as follows – †¢ Factors which enhance investment in a sector, i.e., what are the aspects that investors generally examine prior to making investments in a particular sector? †¢ Importance of investment behind the economic development of a nation. †¢ Petrochemical industry, being one of the pillaring sectors, deserves much of the government’s attention. This necessitates the purpose of the paper and the conclusion to be reached hence. Research aims will be – Figure out the extent to which petrochemical industry will be affected by market fluctuations Reach a conclusion regarding the appropriate step to be adopted by potential investors. Forecast the possible trend that the Saudi Arabian petrochemical industry is likely to adopt over the span of another quarter. This forecast could help the national

Music for the Stage (Wagner-Die Walkre) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Music for the Stage (Wagner-Die Walkre) - Essay Example Every author who have studied this work have noticed the rpesence of a number of leitmotifs which are short, melodious and harmonic in general through which the work gains its expressiveness and dramatic form. (Richard Wagner website, http://www.trell.org/wagner/motifs.html). Though Wagner had never used the word leitmotif, his critics had been somewhat paranoid in attributing a number of leitmotifs distributed in the entire stretch of this work. Wagner had called them ‘melodic moments’ and described them as created â€Å" by the orchestra into a kind of guides-to-feeling through the whole labyrinthine building of the drama† (Richard Wagner website, http://www.trell.org/wagner/motifs.html). He (Richard Wagner website, http://www.trell.org/wagner/motifs.html) also has added that, â€Å"at their(melodious moments) hand, we become the fellow-knowers of the proufoundest secret of the poet’s aim, the immediate partners of its realisement.† Apart from â₠¬Å"communicating the emotional nuances†, leitmotifs in Die Walkure are also perceived by critics as â€Å"the building blocks of a symphonic composition† (Richard Wagner website, http://www.trell.org/wagner/motifs.html).

Positive Thinking and Health Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Positive Thinking and Health - Research Paper Example Describing her experience as a breast cancer patient, Ehrenreich castigates the elaborate positivity that is associated with the pink ribbon culture observing that the â€Å"cheerfulness of breast cancer culture goes beyond mere absence of anger to what looks, all too often, like a positive embrace of the disease†. Even though, testimonies provided in books such as The First Year of the Rest of Your Life may assert otherwise, by highlighting the understandably life altering powers of cancer that can possibly act as a source of redemption or even a bridge between an individual and the divine, Ehrenreich’s claims regarding the futility of positive thinking on physical health are echoed in the research conducted by Petticrew et al. who declare that aspects related to positive thinking such as fighting spirit, willpower and hopefulness do not have a noteworthy or significant impact on the recurrence and survival rates for cancer as reflected by the examinations of 10 cases of patients who coped with cancer by maintaining a fighting spirit and 12 patients who approached the disease with hopefulness, additionally, the findings postulate that the role of positive factors and aspects in combating diseases has been exaggerated by psychologists thereby, discrediting findings that have established a correlation between the strengthening of the immune system through positive thinking techniques. (1066). However, a study conducted at the Ben-Gurion University of Negev in Israel which questioned a sample size of 255 breast cancer patients and 367 physically fit females regarding their life experiences concluded that women who face traumatic, negative and hurtful experiences carry a higher risk of being victimized by breast cancer (Smith). This research aids the assertion that positive thinking can indeed enhance an individual’s ability of maintaining a healthy physical state and combating the occurrence of diseases such as cancer. Wilkinson and Kitzinger note that the foundations of prior literatures regarding the beneficial effects of positive thinking on cancer mortality rates and the psychological state of patients are largely dependent upon self-report data which hampers the validity and objectivity of the available evidence, this view postulates that the subjectivity of perceptions, conversational devices and the contextual meaning of positive thinking diminish the accuracy of patients’ internal cognitive statuses thereby, leading to the generation of biased data on the helpful effects of positive thinking on cancer patients (797-811). Fredrickson’s arguments in favor of the merits of positive thinking however, are not based upon self-report data whose objectivity has been questioned by Wilkinson and Kitzinger with regards to the studies conducted on cancer patients. Empirical data gathered by Fredrickson claims that the broaden-and-build theory of positive psychology is

Behaviour Organisational Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Behaviour Organisational - Essay Example The margin of error was close to zero and thus demanded immaculate precision. Area Director was given complete autonomy to carry out the task but the situation was filled with tremendous amount of unknown variables. To counter these variables he wanted a team that would cooperate with him in giving shape to his vision. With no employee data to help him select a team, Area Director had to take special permission to induct outsiders in this project. To complete his team he sought help from the headquarters who came up with few options, from which Area Director selected two more members. In this way he completed his team and used it to get this magnanimous task done. His team-mates have a very high opinion regarding his leadership style, and their responses regarding his leadership help us to conclude that Area Director is amongst the small coterie of gifted leaders. Introduction: Leadership can be defined as the ability of a person to communicate a group in such a manner that his commu nicated words motivate and encourage every individual in the group to accomplish the tasks which they never thought of accomplishing (Vaill, 1989). Thus by undertaking this form of communication the presumed leader is inspiring a change in his group. He is motivating his group to embrace the change and work towards the accomplishment of a single vision (Palmer, Dunford, & Akin, 2008). The duty to articulate a unifying vision lies with the leader. Although, many people consider leadership as synonymous to management, which is unfortunately wrong. Similarly, a manager is also different from a leader in several ways. His job is to deal with complexities, implement the vision and strategies provided by the leader, undertake coordination and staffing activities and handle day to day operations of the enterprise. For organizations both these individuals are important to operate optimally (Zarmansky, Jessup, Terrance, 2011). Especially in today’s fast changing world organizations as well as countries require leaders who can communicate a shared vision, challenge the status quo, inspire his surrounding environment to undergo the laborious process of change, and last but not the least go on to accomplish the goals which the leader set out in his vision (Yammarino, 2003). To complement the role played by a leader, a manger is required who could formulate a detailed plan, create efficient organizational structure and oversee day-to-day operations (Wentz, 1999). People have long been in the hunt to discern traits which can distinguish a leader from a non-leader. In this regard people have focused on trait theories of leadership (John, and Folkman, 2002). Using these theories people has classified leaders as charismatic, enthusiastic and courageous. However researches conducted on trait theories have never succeeded in isolating leadership traits. In addition to these theories people have also search for factors like personality, social, physical, or intellectual at tributes that would help in identifying a leader. After a tedious era of searching for leadership traits researchers finally came up with seven most like traits that distinguished a leader from a non-leader (Avolio, & Bass, 1987). These traits were: ambition and energy, the desire to lead, honesty and integrity, self-confidence, intelligence, high self-monitoring, job-relevant knowledge (Leader to Leader Institute, 2004). However, the failure of different

Maths Coursework Investigating Borders Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Maths Coursework Investigating Borders - Essay Example Here we observe that the second row gives the number of white squares added at each level, and the third row is a constant, that is, 4. Now we will first find the formula for the white squares and after that the formula for the total squares. Subtracting from the total squares the number of white squares we will get the number of black squares. Let us find the pattern in counting all the squares. In Pattern 1 we can see first two rows contain 1+3=4 squares. If we consider the last two rows then they also contain 1+3=4 squares. We are counting the three squares in the middle row two times so we have to subtract them from the total to get the total number of squares in the pattern. So we get In Pattern 2 the first three rows contain 1+3+5=9 squares. Similarly the last three rows contain 9 squares. We are counting the five squares in the middle row two times so we have to subtract them to get the total number of squares in the pattern. So we

Final exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 7

Final exam - Essay Example Grand nursing theories are broadest in scope and, therefore, present general propositions and concepts. Mid-range theories act as bridges between grand and nursing practice theories. They have narrower scopes and offer effective concepts. Nursing practice theories, on the other hand, offer the most limited scope and strive to address the specific issues in nursing. The three types of theories differ in their application of grand and mid-range theories proving useful in nursing researches thus contributing to the development of knowledge in the practice. Nursing practice theory offers reliable ways of handling situations by specifying the conduct of nurses and their relationships with the patients in order to enhance the recovery of the patient. Despite the above differences, the theories have a number of similarities given the fact that they enjoy immense relations. The three types of theories broaden a nurse’s understanding of the practice thereby improving professionalism. They all provide objective ways of analyzing different categories of challenges that nurses encounter in their practice thus improving the productivity of the nurses (Kim & Kollak, 2006). In his hypothesis entitled, The helping art of clinical nursing Ernestine Wiedenbach asserts that helping process should meet the needs of the patient by individualizing the care (Sitzman & Eichelberger, 2011). After observing Mary for a while, it becomes evident that she suffers from depression. Mary has a relentless feeling of loneliness, helplessness, and hopelessness that proves her depressed condition. Her condition is unique and, therefore, requires the type of individualized care that Ernestine Wiedenbach describes. Her environment enhances her depression. As such, I will advise Mary to join social groups and engage in activities of the group. Additionally, I will advise Mary to get a house help who will help provide her

Protecting Young Childrens Welfare Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Protecting Young Childrens Welfare - Essay Example The abuse maybe inflicted by adults, caregivers, acquaintances and at times by other children also. (DoH et al 2006). The protection of a child from maltreatment constitutes a step towards the welfare of the child, and it is especially important to take care of small vulnerable children. A child is said to be vulnerable when there is no assurance of satisfactory development of health. (section 17 (10) of the Children Act 1989). It is imperative that all caregivers give paramount importance to the fact that children are being encouraged to develop in conditions which are conducive to their welfare and protection. This will ensure that they enter adulthood with great confidence and on a sure footing. The issue of safety and protection for children has been the focus of child care agencies for a long time, but the crucial role they play and their duty towards children’s welfare has been brought into the limelight by certain tragic cases wherein the child had died due to negligence on the part of the caregivers. The death of Victoria Climbe made the government sit up and take serious note of the issue. Following the report prepared subsequent to the investigations, many hard facts about child safeguard programs have come up for review. The report that was published revealed that although the Children Act of 1989 is comprehensive, it fails due to improper interpretation and inefficient implementation. The staff in Area Child Protection Committees is often hampered due to inefficient authority and lack of resources. Apart from this, very often caregivers do not know whether they should classify the children as â€Å" in need† or as a case for ‘child protection†. Thus , in order to create a system which is effective in containing this defect, organizations have to pool in their resources and come together to improve the child’s safety net. They must guess the need for protection

Summery Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Summery - Essay Example meet the demand and supply, the company seems to be running on well – oiled wheels and ceasing to use these contractors would naturally throw the company into jeopardy since they are dependent on them. The changes I would make with regard to managing contractors would be to monitor them more closely. I would still maintain a very pragmatic approach, but at the same time I would introduce a couple of simple rules regarding their dealing with Unions and attitude towards Child Labor. I would initiate the use of a specialist in the field of quality maintenance and this would not only involve the checking of goods but also the maintenance of a conduct register for the staff working for the contractors. I would also open a grievance cell in each of these companies to address the grievances of the workers. With regard to our own plants, I would try to upgrade them to the latest technology to ensure better output. I very strongly feel that a good HRM team could work wonders for the company. I view this as a very important factor because an excellent HRM team could work towards making the company self reliant instead of being dependent on other companies at least for a major part of their demand and supply of goods. A good HRM team could also put an end to some of the breaches of trust faced by many of the companies by supplying them with Strategical ideas that are not only innovative but also effective. I feel honored at being appointed as the Operations Director for this multi-national company and I want to assure you of my unstinted hard-work, commitment, efficiency and my complete support when dealing with the different facets of this esteemed company. I must say that I feel rather confident in accepting this high- level post because of my good educational background and intensive and extensive training that I had gone through. I do have an extensive background of working in this industry as I have prior experience working in Operational Management roles for

Explore how Stevenson has presented the character of Mr. Hyde Essay Example for Free

Explore how Stevenson has presented the character of Mr. Hyde Essay Comment on how the author has created a sense of evil in this character. Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson is a novella written in the gothic style, first published in 1886. It is linked to other works written in the same period of time and in the same style, most notably Dracula and The Picture of Dorian Gray. During that period, it was believed that people had doppelgangers, or evil twins; this is how Victorians explained the duality of a person. Duality is a theme greatly explored in the novel; not only the duality of an individual but the duality of Victorian society as a whole. Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde demonstrated the fact that many high class citizens, who appeared fine and upstanding, hid dark secrets, especially sexual ones: exactly like Henry Jekyll. Another theme explored in the novella is that of the importance of reputation and class. For example Utterson and Enfield try to avoid gossip and maintain their respectability. Similarly, Utterson tries to preserve Jekylls reputation, even though he senses something is not right. Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde has an episodic narrative structure in the fact that it is divided into specific significant events. Mr. Utterson is portrayed as an investigator of sorts, looking for clues and attempting to solve the riddle behind his friends mysterious behavior. Furthermore, the truth is withheld until the end and finally revealed with the deaths of Lanyon and Jekyll in order to heighten the disbelief in his readers. Hydes first introduction to the readers is when he tramples over a young girl. This prejudices the readers impression of him because it depicts him committing an act of cruel violence. In addition, the language used to describe Hyde -specifically similes- adds to the already terrible impression the readers have of him. For example, he is depicted as being like a juggernaut and carrying it offlike Satan. This illustrates that he was like an unstoppable force of evil and frightens and alarms the reader. Victorians would be taken aback by this as they were very religious and believed in Satan. Both the doctor and Mr. Enfield experience the desire to kill him in response to the incident and this would stun readers as they wouldnt expect such a dramatic reaction from what appear initially to be quite calm, rational people. Many characters are unnerved by Hyde but unable to give an exact description. However, most agree that there is something unnatural about his appearance: not easy to de scribe, displeasing and downright detestable. Stevenson has been deliberately vague about Hydes appearance, engaging the readers and allowing them to envision what Hyde looks like individually. As a result, Hyde will look evil to all readers, now and many years from now. In Search for Mr. Hyde Mr. Utterson is distressed at the news that Hyde, a complete stranger, is set to inherit Jekylls fortune in case of his disappearance or unexplained absence. This is a narrative hook Stevenson has used to entice his audience to delve further into the mystery. Additionally, Stevenson has built up trust and a sense of security in Mr. Utterson from the beginning of the novella: somehow loveable and eminently human leading the reader to trust his narrative and respect him. Contrastingly, Stevenson has used language to create a sense of evil in Hyde during Mr. Utterson and Hydes encounter. For instance: Mr. Hyde shrank back with a hissing intake of the breath, illustrating that he is primitive and almost animal-like. That is my name. What do you want? is Hydes reaction to Mr. Utterson addressing him, indicating that Hyde is extremely anti-social and isnt used to communicating with human beings. After his encounter with Hyde he encourages readers to investigate Hyde: there is something more. This creates indistinctness and suspense. Moreover, Stevensons description of Hyde after his encounter with Mr. Utterson emphasizes the sense of evil created previously. Through the repetition of deformed and deformity, he generates a sense of wickedness as during the Victorian era deformity was viewed as something repulsive that should be locked away, hidden from the public eye. Furthermore, Uttersons reactions to Hyde support this: disgust, loathing and fear. Here, Hyde is compared to Satan again: Satans signature upon a face. Victorians would be very shocked by the reference to Satan as to them Satan was the most powerful force of evil on Earth and his signature upon a face would make the person extremely wicked and malevolent. Next, the random act of violence in The Carew Murder Case greatly affects the readers opinion of Hyde. Stevenson has built up the feel of iniquity in Hyde through the maids description of the crime. The verbs and adverbs used are particularly effective. For example, the verbs clubbed and brandished develop a sense of cruelty in Hyde. Whats more, the aural imagery used allows the reader to visualize the crime, accenting it and Hydes brutality. The maid describes Hyde as behaving like a madman and having ape-like fury, which suggests Hyde may not have been in control of his actions and maybe even suffered from a mental health disorder. However, Victorian readers would not have interpreted that in this way, as there was limited knowledge regarding mental health during that time. Rather, it would have just emphasized Hydes malice. Hydes choice of accommodation reflects his character as he dwells in a dingy street with blackguardly surroundings. The reader is supposed to infer that Hyde is as sinister and repulsive as his environment. Also, this reveals that he is low-class and unsociable, as most high-class respected citizens lived in much more genial environments, without ragged children huddled in the doorways. Additionally, Hydes lodgings represent the duality of human nature. The juxtaposition of the outside and inside of the house reflects how divided man is. On the inside there is a good picture hung upon the walls and it is furnished with luxury and good taste and on the outside there is a seedy gin palace and women passing outto have a morning glass, indicating the house was in an area where poor people, drunks and prostitutes lived, an area where Hyde wouldnt stand out or attract attention. Lanyons description of Hyde echoes Hydes previous depictions. Lanyon describes Hyde as seizing, surprising and revolting and that there was an added curiosity as to his originlifeand status, implying that Hyde was repulsive, yet there was something about him which made whoever saw him to want to examine him. This is a hint about Hydes true identity, as at this point of the narrative, readers still werent expected to know that Hyde is actually Jekylls alter ego. Hydes clothes are another hint: they were made of rich and sober fabric but were enormously too large for him. As Jekyll is wealthy he could afford luxurious clothes, and of course they would be too big for Hyde as he is considerably smaller than Jekyll. Lanyon tells of Hyde as having a remarkable combination ofmuscular activity anddebility of constitution, meaning that Hyde was energetic yet appeared fragile and in a poor state of health. On one hand, Jekylls description of Hyde is a summary of all the other characters. Jekyll says that evil was written broadly and plainly on Hydes face and that Hyde carried an imprint of deformity and decay. On the other hand, however, Jekyll is attracted to Hyde: I was conscious of no repugnance, rather of a leap of welcome, revealing that Jekyll, rather than being repulsed by Hyde and fighting the transformation, is magnetized by him and embraced the transformation. Also, with Hyde, Jekyll feels complete as he no longer has to battle with his dark side but can accept it is a part of him: it seemed more express and single. Therefore, the reader is not expected to feel shocked when Jekyll says human beingsare commingled out of good and evil, as Jekyll has just explained that good and evil co-exist in a person and that it is impossible to be whole without both, linking to the theme of duality. All of us are good and evil, but we decide which side to act on. Hydes desires were mostly why Jekyll chose to transform into him. Jekyll doesnt stipulate what these desires were. What was deemed as socially intolerable and undignified in the Victorian era, might not be viewed that way today. For this reason, Stevenson has not specified what Hyde gets up to or the kind of pleasures he fulfils: so that the text is mentally stimulating to readers, be it Victorians or present day readers. Additionally, Stevenson has withheld the details because they probably would have offended a Victorian audience. Nonetheless, this would be different with a modern audience as a modern audience is exposed to much more than a Victorian one. And, the text is more effective without the details as readers are left to guess, which means Hydes secret could be any one of hundreds. Again, Stevenson is being deliberately vague, just as he was with Hydes appearance: making Hydes secret all things to all readers. In conclusion, by not revealing many details about Hyde, Stevenson created a truly evil character, as humans inherently fear the unknown. When the (few) details are revealed to the readers they are extremely unpleasant, with Hyde being deformed, ape-like and repulsive. Still, the real horror in the story is not Hyde. Jekyll, at the start of chapter 10, describes himself as being bornendowed besides with excellent partswith every guarantee of an honourable and distinguished future. Stevenson could have been describing every person in this way, as we are all born expected to be excellent, principled humans, with every guarantee of an honourable and distinguished future. Therefore, in at least one way, everyone can relate to Jekyll. So, the real horror is not Hyde, but rather that every person, good or bad, is a Jekyll and a Hyde.

Strategies for Reform in Kenya: Development of Equality

Strategies for Reform in Kenya: Development of Equality STUDENT: CHRIS MUGO NDIRANGU REG.NO: 1021356 Question Reform agenda in Kenya, committees, parties involved and previous practices INTRODUCTION Reforms are about bringing positive change in any country or administration. It’s about becoming better through the removal of false and error or by correcting malpractice, especially of a moral and social kind. Reforms are about enhancing value and qualities. In Kenya various reforms have been initiated particularly with the adoption of a new constitution in 2010. Various committees and parties have been involved in the reform agenda. The following then are some of the reforms initiated in Kenya. Measures to Curb Corruption According to Transparency International corruption index of 2013 Kenya ranked number 136 out of 177 in the world. This indicates the high level of corruption in the country. Indeed corruption is endemic to Kenya. It has contributed to wastage and misuse of national resources. Thus the new constitution has a number of provisions to allow for stronger checks and balances to curb corruption. Generally the constitution ensures the supremacy of parliament where parliament scrutinizes the executive to ensure it does not abuse its mandate and also scrutinizing state finances. This ensures no wastage or loss of funds occurs through corruption. Other than parliament the constitution provides for a commission that will work to curb corruption in government. The establishment of this commission is key in Kenya’s reform agenda. The Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission (EACC) has since been established and given the following functions under the Ethics and Anti-Corruption Act, 2011. Some of the functions include: Ensure compliance with, and enforcement of, the provisions of the Constitution in relation to ethics, integrity and anti-corruption Develop and promote standards and best practices in ethics, integrity and anti-corruption Receive complaints on allegations of breach of the ethical principles or code of conduct by a public officer Investigate and prosecute any acts of corruption Recommend appropriate action to be taken against public officers alleged to have engaged in unethical conduct Develop a comprehensive national strategy to combat corruption and economic crime Promote ethics and ethical conduct among public officers, the private sector and the public in general. Decentralization of Government This arguably is the biggest reform initiated by the constitution. This is the ceding of power and autonomy by national governments to the counties. The constitution devolves power closer to the people at the grassroots. This diffuses political power and avoids on group or ethnic community from dominating the country by winning national elections throughout. Thus preventing political violence as witnessed in the 2007/2008. The constitutions allows for the following: Establishment of counties that replace the previous administrative units of provinces and districts. Creation of 47 counties where each county has an executive committee led by a governor and a deputy governor elected for a maximum of two terms Creation of county assemblies composed of elected members. Devolution of health services, infrastructure among other functions from the national government to the county government. The county governments are also empowered to impose levies and permit fees to support its development needs. The reform agenda of devolution or decentralization of the Government is intended to achieve the following political, social and economic goals by: Enhancing the principles of democracy Bringing power closer to the people and increase public participation in policy-making Enable greater responsiveness to the needs and opportunities for people at the grassroots level Establish new hubs of economic growth away from the capital city Promote equitable development across the country In ensuring smooth transition of national government functions to county government a County Transitional Authority has been formed under the Transition to Devolved Government Act, 2011. The main function of the authority shall be to facilitate a coordinated transition to county governments. Other functions include: Facilitate comprehensive and effective transfer as provided for under the constitution Oversee transfer of assets, liabilities and staff of national governments and local authorities to county governments Carry out an audit of the existing assets and infrastructure of the national government and local authorities with respect to devolved functions Develop and implement training programmes for county government staff Resolve disputes over transition issues between the nation and land county governments Women rights and marginalised groups This is one of the major issues in Kenya’s reform agenda over the past decade. Women rights groups and marginalised groups have pushed for reforms that would allow for greater participation and recognition in the running of affairs in the country. This is especially in government political sphere. The major reforms regarding women are entrenched in the new constitution. According to (Mugambi, 2010) the purpose of these constitutional gains on the side of women are to preserve their dignity and to promote social justice. The constitution ; ensures that women are able to pass on citizenship to their children regardless of whether they are married to Kenyans or not, eliminates gender discrimination in relation to land and property. The greatest provision in relation to women and of major significance is that the constitution provides that a one third requirement for either gender in elective bodies. This translates to women occupying at least 1/3 in elective institutions. This rule has a major shortcoming as citizens cannot be forced to elect women in order to achieve the gender threshold. The constitution also provides for the election of women representatives for each county who shall sit in parliament. Marginalised groups have also benefitted from the reforms being initiated in government. These marginalised groups include youth, marginalised communities and the disabled. The constitution provides that for the nomination of members of this group into parliament and county assemblies. The youth have also benefitted from the creation of funds that will enable them to set up businesses and earn income. An example of this is the creation of the Uwezo fund. The government has also formulated a policy of awarding contracts and tenders to youth groups and women. The policy states that 30% of the contracts and tenders shall be awarded to women and the youth. Performance Contracting The Kenyan government has been characterized with long bureaucratic procedures, inefficiency, lack of accountability which translates to high levels of corruption and wastage of resources. This results into poor economic performance. The government has however been adopting measures to change the common bad practices. This government hopes will change the perception and attitude towards government in service delivery. The government has thus initiated reforms in the public sector to gain public confidence both locally and internationally. Key to this reforms is performance contracting. Performance contracting is a mechanism under the public sector reforms that aims at improving performance of the Public sector through setting clear objectives. It involves setting simple, measurable, accurate, realistic and time-bound targets. Specifying agent performance in terms of results and assigning accountability for those results, increasing transparency and accountability in public institutions, establishing clear reporting, monitoring and evaluation mechanisms of the projects. Performance contracting is done on a quarterly basis. At the end of every quarter, government institutions submit their quarterly reports and finally annual report to relevant agency. Feedbacks then are sent to the government institutions for improvements. The first procedure in performance contracting process is target formulation. The government institution sets targets based on the following indicators; financial, service delivery, non-financial, operational and dynamics. A work-plan/ implementation schedule based on its departmental plans is formulated. The plan indicates with activities hoped to be accomplished in the contract year. The second procedure is Negotiations. The targets set are negotiated on the basis of available resources, time frame and relevancy to existing policy documents. The third is vetting. The targets in this stage are looked at again. The fourth stage is signing. The contract is signed by the relevant heads of the institution and the monitoring agency. This shows commitment by both parties towards the attainment of the set targets. The fifth stage is implementation. The government institutions implement their agreed contracts and work towards achieving the set targets within the specified time frame. The si xth and final stage is reporting. The reporting is done on a quarterly basis which culminates in an annual report to the relevant reporting authorities. Performance contracting is important because of the following reasons; Helps in fast tracking existing plans in a government institution and a countries strategic plan example Kenya’s vision 2030 Proper coordination of projects is achieved through the development of intense monitoring and evaluation system so as to achieve the set target Setting of higher targets in every contract period leads to improvement in efficiency. Public servants have the opportunity to be recognised thus motivates them to perform Performance contracting has led to the emergence of a competitive Public Service which enhances their growth and development. REFERENCES Mugambi, M. (2010, March 28). Constitutional Gains for Kenyan Women. Retrieved March 20, 2014, from Academia.edu: www.academia.edu Constitution of Kenya.2010 Ethics and Anti-Corruption Act, 2011. Transition to Devolved Government Act, 2011.

White Blood Cells: Structure and Functions

White Blood Cells: Structure and Functions Often times, our bodies are attacked and battered by infections, diseases, bacteria, and other foreign materials which can cause great harm to our organs and bodily functions. Fortunately God has designed us with a strong and efficient system of defense. Our immune system. Among our many forms of defense within the immune system are the leucocytes, or white blood cells. They act as the bodys guards by patrolling the blood stream, seeking out any invading pathogens, and quickly alerting other leucocytes of the threat or swiftly destroying the threat themselves. In the average adult body, there are normally around seven thousand to twenty-five thousand leucocytes per drop of blood. When an infection is present, this number greatly increases in order to defeat the illness. This increase in leucocyte number is also a sign used by doctors when they look for infections. A constantly large number of leucocytes is a sign of leukemia, a type of blood caner. One who has leukemia can have up to fifty-thousand leucocytes in a single drop of blood. Leucocytes may attack the bodys invaders by either producing antibodies to overpower and overwhelm their target or by surrounding, devouring, and digesting the entire pathogen itself. Unlike regular red blood cells, white blood cells have nuclei, mitochondria, and all other normal cellular structures. Also, because white blood cells have no hemoglobin, they lack the red color of their red counterparts. White blood cells also have a significantly greater size than red blood cells but lack equality in numbers. There are five major types of leucocytes each with a different job. Neutrophils, which make up fifty-eight percent of leucocytes and are one of the bodys main forms of defense, completely ingest bacteria and destroy any cells which have been infected or turned cancerous. Eosinophils, which account for two percent of the white blood cells population, destroy parasites and play a role in allergic reactions. Basophils, one percent of leucocytes population, help with allergic reactions by releasing histamine and heparin. Monocytes, making up 4 percent of the population of white blood cells, turn into macrophages and are designed to phagocytize and digest bacteria and get rid of old, dead, and damaged cells. They are found in the liver, spleen, lymph nodes, lungs, skin, and intestine. Lymphocytes, which make up 4 percent of white blood cells, direct the bodys immune system, identify foreign bodies, and produce antibodies and cells that are specifically designed to target them. Lymphocytes , unlike other leucocytes, are produced in the lymphatic system. White blood cells are found not only in blood, but in the lymphatic system. Most of them are produced in the marrow of the bone but a few, like lymphocytes, are manufactured in the lymph nodes. The cells are rapidly produced because they have a very short life span living only a few days to a few weeks. One disease involving white blood cells is neutropenia. This condition is defined by a significant decrease in the production of neutrophils. Common symptoms of neutropenia include fevers and periodic infections. This disease decreases the bodys chance of successfully defending against an attack and increases its chance of being harmed by invading pathogens. Treatment of this disease includes treatment with antibiotics, granulocyte (white blood cell) transfusions, and treatment with anti-fungal medications to defend against disease, infection, and bacteria. Another deadly illness involving white blood cells is leukemia. This cancer of the blood, and one of the most dangerous of blood diseases, is characterized by a deadly over abundance in white blood cells. Symptoms of leukemia include swollen lymph nodes, high fevers, night sweats, frequent infections, feeling weak or tired, weight loss for no apparent reason, and pain in the bones and joints. Treatment of leukemia includes chemoth erapy, radiation therapy, and stem cell transplant. The risk in chemotherapy is the reduction of white blood cells raising the risk of serious bacterial and viral infection. Another disease involving leucocytes is agranulocytosis. This disease, far less dangerous that leukemia, is brought on by the destruction of neutrophils. Symptoms include fatigue, sleeplessness, headache, chills, and high fever. Treatments for this disease includes antibiotics, blood transfusions, and injections of fresh bone marrow. Recent studies of white blood cells have given us more incite on the details surrounding their functions. Research has also shown how the leucocytes navigate through the bodys blood stream. According to recent discovery, when organs or tissue are infected with a virus, they send out chemical beacons to the specific leucocytes which register them as a call for help. They then move towards the infected area. Further studies have also shown that white blood cells have the ability to sprout leg-like structures with adhesive points and crawl along the inside of a blood vessel like a millipede to get to an infected area. About ten of these legs attach and detach rapidly. This allows the cell to maintain constant movement along the vessel walls. It also uses these legs to grip the inner walls of the blood vessel to avoid being swept away by the blood stream. When scientists put these legs under further research, they found that they dig themselves into the wall of the blood vessel. This als o suggests that they are used as probes to search for holes and exits in the blood vessels. Scientists believe these legs have many functions such as gripping, moving, and sensing distress signals from damaged tissue. Even though we live in a world full of bacteria and pathogens, we can rest easy because we know that our Creator has designed for our bodies a strong defense against outside invaders. The complex and efficient white blood cells act as soldier cells and spear head our immune system keeping us safe, comfortable, and healthy. Without our white blood cells, we would be quite susceptible to hundreds of thousands of forms of destructive bacteria, lethal diseases, and vulnerable to many potentially deadly infections. Works Cited Page http://health.howstuffworks.com/human-body/systems/circulatory/blood2.htm http://www.fi.edu/learn/heart/blood/white.html www.righthealth.com

The Ruthwell Cross :: Artifacts History Religion Essays

The Ruthwell Cross The Ruthwell Cross is a late seventh or early eighth century sculpted "preaching" cross. It can currently be found in the town of Ruthwell, near Dumfries in southern Scotland. Standing about 17 feet tall, the cross is adorned with Latin and Anglo-Saxon runic inscriptions and carvings. The cross, almost thirteen centuries old, has as much history as one would expect for an artifact of this age. The Ruthwell Cross was partially dismantled most likely during 1642 at the order of the Church of Scotland General Assembly. The General Assembly was looking to rid Scotland of items of Roman worship. Believed to be connected with Roman worship, the cross was dismantled and spread out on the grounds of a small church in Ruthwell. Its pieces, which were large in size, were used as paving in some parts of the church grounds. In the early 1800's the pieces were located and the cross was reconstructed at the order of Reverend Doctor Henry Duncan. Although most of the cross was found and pieced together, Duncan had to construct a new crossbeam for the cross. The significance of the cross lies in its inscriptions and carvings. Some of the carvings on the cross are said to symbolize passages from the New Testament. Portions of the Anglo-Saxon runic inscriptions have been determined to be passages from one of the most recognized Old English religious poems, "The Dream of the Rood." There is some controversy surrounding this poem, as its author and date of creation remain unknown to this day. Some historians believe it was written by the famous poet Caedmon; however, there is no proof that it is his work. In conclusion, the Ruthwell Cross has a detailed and important history behind. Its runic inscriptions and carvings give us insight into what the culture was like in those times. The Ruthwell Cross is an important piece of history and is recognized as such in the Ancient Monuments Protection Act of 1882, under which it is protected. GRAPH

The Opening of Glass Menagerie Essay -- Glass Menagerie Plays Themes E

The Opening of Glass Menagerie The opening of Glass Menagerie is key in establishing themes, relationships, dramatic conventions character symbolism and style. Discuss. The opening of the play ‘Glass Menagerie’ let the audience know about various elements of the play such as themes, relationships, characters and dramatic conventions. This was done by detailed description of the setting and the narrator, Tom informing the audience. The main themes of the play could be found in the opening. The fact that the play was about memory had been made clear in the beginning with the line, â€Å"the scene is memory†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Once again confirmed very clearly by Tom who said, â€Å"the play is memory.† The audience could easily interpret that this play was Tom’s memory of his life with Amanda and Laura in St Louis. At the end of the play the audience found out that Tom could not erase the memory of leaving Laura. â€Å"Oh, Laura, Laura I tried to leave you behind me but I am more faithful than I intended to be.† This theme of memory influenced Amanda also as the play progressed. It became evident that she could not escape from her memories of living in the â€Å"Blue Mountain† where she had a pleasurable and an abundant life. Few minutes after the play began the audience already hears Amanda babbling about it â€Å"I remember one Sunday afternoon in Blue Mountain†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This happened throughout the play consistently. She would talk about her life in the â€Å"Blue Mountain† whenever she got a chance to. So it would be quite true to say that Amanda was living in her memory, which caused her to deny the reality. The idea of accepting the reality was also evident in the opening of the play. Tom spoke of gentleman caller who â€Å"is the most realis... ...When she had one finally, he turned out to be the greatest disappointment and left her devastated in the end. So Amanda had to awkwardly sum the whole incident up by saying â€Å"things have a way of turning out so badly,† and blame it all on Tom. The unusual dramatic conventions were set in the opening. The narrator, Tom directly addressed the audience, â€Å"I am the narrator of the play†¦Ã¢â‚¬  which was unusual. Also by using the screens to produce appropriate images and music frequently, the play was made more interesting and accessible to the audience. The opening of the play was the key in establishing themes, characters and their relationships and dramatic conventions as it revealed them effectively to the audience. So the audience could easily understand what was happening, guess what would happen and receive the message that was meant to be delivered.

Eugenics: An Excuse To Be A Racist Or A Means To A Better Tomorrow? :: essays research papers

Eugenics: An Excuse to be a Racist or a Means to a Better Tomorrow? The term eugenics was coined in the late 19th century. Its goal was to apply the breeding practices and techniques used in plants and animals to human reproduction. Francis Galton stated in his Essays in Eugenics that he wished to influence "the useful classes" in society to put more of their DNA in the gene pool. The goal was to collect records of families who were successful by virtue of having three or more adult male children who have gain superior positions to their peers. His view on eugenics can best be summarized by the following passage: What nature does blindly, slowly, and ruthlessly, man may do providently, quickly, and kindly. As it lies within his power, so it becomes his duty to work in that direction. They sought to establish this by discouraging marriages that were unfavorable in terms of eugenics by attaching to them the stigmas associated with marriage between cousins. Margaret Sanger, the pioneer of the movement for birth control, came from a family that would have been viewed by Galton to be unsuitable for reproduction according to eugenics. She was the sixth of eleven children born into her poor Irish family. She felt that women's reproductive freedom was essential. She coined the term voluntary motherhood and opened the first birth control clinic in the country in Brooklyn in 1916. Like many others who supported the birth control movement, she also supported the idea of eugenics trusting that the "human race could be improved through 'controlled breeding'." Sanger felt that all the problems of society were centered around uncontrolled breeding. She decided that women had the right to know about methods of contraception and about the workings of their own bodies. Her views are best summarized by her statement regarding women's reproductive freedom: The basic freedom of the world is woman's freedom . . .. No woman can call herself free until she can choose consciously whether she will or will not be a mother." Angela Davis felt that birth control was not only advantageous to minority and lower-class women, but to women of "all classes and races." She did not however think that fewer children would help the plight of the human race and "could create more jobs, higher wages, better schools, etc., etc." She felt that if women were not troubled by several childbirths and miscarriages that they could pursue other avenues of life outside of the constraints of marriage and motherhood.

Characteristics and Statement

Peninsula Boulevard Hempstead, NY 1 1 550 Attention: Dry. Rodney Gilmore, Associate Superintendent for Personnel Services Dear Dry. Gilmore: I am Interested In applying for a Social Worker or Counselor position In your organization that was advertised on alas. Com. It Is my goal to utilize my experience and skills to create an environment both enjoyable and conducive to learning.I am passionate and enthusiastic about giving back to the community and to make a costive contribution to this school. As a school counselor or social worker, I will demonstrate passion for supporting the success of all the students, with emphasis on the populations who need It most. I would bring this passion to my role at your school and I look forward to working as a part of a team of service providers to ensure the success of our students.I would also provide diverse and specialized services to students, families and communities, in order to help students attain axiom benefits from the school program. St udents are the primary focus of the educational process. I could contribute knowledge and concern for the wide range of social, emotional, cultural and economic differences among children, families and communities.The current characteristics that I possess are as follows: Appropriate empathy skills – eventually able to be helpful In the situation or Issue Good listening skills ? screening situations to get to the heart of an Issue or complaint, while still extending compassion and support Ability to organize – case situations and identify and prioritize interventionsÃ'› identify and organize resources in relation to parental concerns Objectivity – do not personalize situations, allow clients to vent, then assess the situation or concern Clarifying central issues for the parent that may not be easily seen because of the anger, frustration or disappointment Interviewing skills Confidentially – being able to be confident, but able to help the clients The f ollowing heartsickness are necessary to be an effective helper: Genuineness Self-Awareness Acceptance Desire to help Patience Listening Communicating Giving Feedback Observing Confronting I am confident that my experience and skills will make me a valuable member of the Hempstead School District social work team. I have enclosed my resume, and will call much for your time and consideration

Is Mark Twain a Racist?

Is Mark braces A racial? Many bank reliable things slightly iisomes Great American tonic, swords it a racial withstand, analogous the oeruse of the intelligence agency, coon, and the crapn portrait of the black hard worker, Jim. However, there is a veridical amount of evidence that this countersign was non written bulge of hate, nevertheless in hope that couple could variety the ideals of shinny color of the gabardine concourse or so him. The first and fore more or less question or so throng ask when they read the story is, was Mark duad a antiblack? There ar assumptions that because of dyads use of cheeky address and writing in the spot of view of racists, that he was a racist himself. Much of the article is suspender waiver into detail somewhat the shell of milieu and matures this unsalted boy has been raise with, and how racial discrimination against the Chinese is commonplace. For prototype, the Chinese are taxed in two bureau s as much as entirely the early(a) races to mine for gold. Also, when they are caught steal from a mine, they are hung. However, when the same happens to the otherwise races, they are completely asked to leave the minelaying camp (Galaxy).In 1 weaken, the fabricator shares, the boy prove out that in hu soldieryy districts of the ample Pacific coast, so strong is the wild, forgo love of justice in the black Maria of the people, that whenever any secret and mysterious criminal offence is committed, they interpret, Let justice be done, though the heavens f all(prenominal), and go straight way of life and cast a clink. (Galaxy) The reason why Twain lists these observations is to show the city of San Francisco that it is not the boy whos at fault, because, What had the childs education been? How should he ideate it was unlawful to orchestra pit a click (Galaxy)? In feature, in one part of the article, the boy says, Ah, there goes a Chinaman God will not love me if I do not stone him (Galaxy). With this article, Twain hoped that he could allow the bad of the city to chink how foolish they lease been acting towards the Chinese and it was not the boy who is acting childish, yet it is the men whom the girlish boy looked up to. This is the same scenario with the hostility surrounding, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. In both stories we see a young boy who lives in a alliance that is racist against a authentic race only because they were raised that way.An example of this in, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, is one of the first things we hear from Hucks stupefy and his feelings some black people who consecrate done well in the country. He refers to an African-American college professor who wore nice enclothe and was intelligent. Also, since the man was from Ohio, he was also allowed to vote. Its kindle how Hucks father says, It was lection day, and I was just rough to go and vote myself if I warnt as well as drunk to get there (37).The mockery in this is how Hucks father, a man who is apparently morally, financially, socially, and intellectually subordinate to the professor he met, remembers he is superior to the man because of their disagreement in skin colors. This confirms that Huck was raised in a racist environment, which room that things Huck says or does in all probability isnt out of hate, but because thats the way hes been raised in his home and society. Something very risky that Twain did to show others his position on bondage and racism was when he volunteered to help chip in for one of the first black students information at Yale University.In his letter do the dean of the university explaining why he wanted to do this, he said, We attain ground the humankind out of them, and the shame is ours, not theirs, and we should ease up for it (Fishkin). This act and quote shows that Mark Twain felt personally convicted about thrall as a terrible misidentify towards the black soc iety and wanted to give something linchpin to those affected. Therefore, with all his negative experiences with break ones backs and racism, why would this man write a apply that goes against the ideals he so boldly defends?This disk should not be looked at as an attack against African-Americans, but as some other way Twain tried to regress the debt he felt he owed the slaves and their families (Fishkin). When the entertain first introduces Jim, it seems that the slave is almost irrational to the charge up of idiocy. In chapter two, Jim falls sound asleep(predicate) when looking for Tom and Huck in Mrs. Watsons yard. Tom takes Jims hat and places it on a branch above his head, and when Jim wakes up he tells the other slaves a group of witches, rode him all over the world, and tired him most to death, and his back was all over saddle-boils (14). Two chapters later, Jim pulls a hairball out of an oxs stomach and claims an all-knowing emotional state lives inside (26). Many people find Jims superstitions very offensive and racist because it emphasizes the idea that slaves had no hope in having a good life. Some believe that since the slaves were treated so poorly and had pocket-size chance of escaping their sentence, they made up superstitions as a way to escape from their reprehensible reality. Most African-American advocates of anning Twains novel from schools dont conceive their children should take a crap to read about a time in their familys hitarradiddle where so much pain, suffering and dignity was lost. The fact that Twain coiffures Jim an extremely superstitious character, is interpret by many as a racist action (Wolfson). However, whos to say that Jims superstitions are not just a originative way for him to take advantage of received things for his own personal gain? Its attainable that Jim used the witch story from chapter two because he knew hed gain popularity throughout the slave world.It even up says later that slaves traveled from furthermost places to hear Jims witch story. As with the hairball, Jim could control just used it to get a quick buck from Huck, or other customers who wanted some questions answered, since Jim pretended the spirit wouldnt work unless it was paid. If Jims superstitions are viewed in this light, he should be looked at as a very clever human existence, or else than a hopeless slave, and no one with the same skin color as him should be offended (Fishkin). another(prenominal) larger-than-life issue people fall in with the concord is its seemingly overuse of the intelligence agency, nigger. Throughout the bind, the word is mentioned an overwhelming two hundred and 15 times, something that many see as unnecessary, since the word comes with such a negative, degrading logical implication in todays world. However, there is much wall whether or not the term carried the type of negative connotation it has today, but even if people did use the name as an insult, there are stil l sound explanations as to why Mark Twain would use this word. First of all, Twain strived to make this novel as realistic as possible.If he had not used the language of his time or depicted characters the way they were in his time period, then no one would have taken his moderate seriously. Its possible that there were other label that were less offensive that he could have used, but doing so would not have been as effective in exposing the lousiness of racism as, nigger does. The word strengthened the books idea that the societies of the southern United States lived in constant racism. Though its unclear whether Shelley pekan Fishkin supported this idea, she says in her book, A diachronic Guide to Mark Twain nigger was integral to the project of presenting and indicating a racist society, whose illegitimate racial hierarchy was incarnate in the use of that word, because it was central to dramatizing the misadventure of everyone in that society (black and sinlessness) to challenge the genuineness of the status quo and of the word that cemented and reinforced it, and because the language was realistic to the time and characters. (137) The relation between, dark Persecution of a Boy, and the novel at touch essential(prenominal) also be analyzed.The young boy who stoned the Chinese man didnt commit the crime because he hate the Chinese, he did it because thats what he was taught to do. When Huck referred to the slaves as, niggers, its not out of hate that he uses the word, but because he was taught thats just what you call slaves. Another issue people have with this book is the overall depiction of the slaves intellect. In split of the book, its hard to even understand what Jim is assay to say because he hasnt been educated. People believe that making Jim sound intellectually inferior to every other character in the book is a racist playact on Twains part.However, when reading the novel, the commentator must also realize that the author and the narrator are two different voices. The author, Twain, is an adult who is very against the idea of slavery. The narrator is a young boy who has been raised by a society who sees nothing wrong with enslaving black people. Thus, it is not Twain utter his opinions through the thought processes of Huck, but it is Twain trying to portray an accurate, historical point of view from a young, white boy (Fishkin). Unfortunately, this young boy has been raised with certain biases against slaves, and Twain must honor that bias.If he doesnt then the book would be historically inaccurate. Also, one must remember that people living today were probably not Twains target audience. Twain wanted to change problems in his generation, and in order to form a story that applied to the reader of his day, he would have to make the story as realistic as possible. Lastly, the most obvious argument is that it just wouldnt make sense to create a slave character who was as smart as the white people. If sla ves were not allowed any stiff education, how realistic would it be to write about a smart, literate slave?Finally, at the end of the novel, it seems Huck is thinking about running away from his home again, only because, Aunt Sally shes going to aggrandize me and sivilize me, and I cant stand it (307). For this quote to authentically hold any meaning, the reader must realize a sivilized person in the societies of the southern states back then would probably have owned and mistreated slaves. audition Huck say that hes sick of society teaching him how to be sivilized, could be his way of expressing the newfound feelings he has against slavery (Fishkin).To say that, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, is a racist novel should be considered a ridiculous idea. Why would an anti-slavery and anti-racist man write a racist book? Twain wrote books and articles to justify his ideas to his reader, even if the ideas were absurd, like the idea of the black man being on equal ground with the white man. Though by the time the book was completed slavery was abolished and African-Americans were free, the mindsets of the southern white families did not change. These types of families were to whom Mark Twain was directive this book.He hoped they would see the ugliness of racism and slavery, and see people past the color of their skin. genius of Mark Twains well known quotes on racism is, One of my theories is that the hearts of men are about alike, all over the world, whatever their skin-complexions may be (Everett). Twain probably never realized his novel about young Huck Finn would have gained so much popularity and attention so long after its original publishing, but throughout every generation, his message of anti-racism should not be banned for its racist interpretations because it is relevant for any race, people, or community.

Retail food protection

Protection of food is essential to ensure more food safety. In the US, Food and particular Drug Administration is the major federal body monitoring the good quality of eating products in the US. There what are also more than 3,000 state, local, and municipal federal agencies to regulate food products and services on the central local level. Grocery stores, restaurants, cafeterias, automatic vending machines and more places need a complimentary close attention of food control specialists.Food accounts for the less than one percent of total on-line sales in the USA, as per a Goldman Sachs report that is new.Kitchen closed shop for many of your requirements that how are gadget! Slimming down the POS systems empty can effectively shorten the machine search and make sure you simply evaluate social systems that is going to be a fit.Food preparation additional information ought to go from the kitchen.

public Catering may be used to pleasure passengers.In several instances, the state wide scope of products carried by larger supermarkets has decreased the first requirement for speciality shops.Retailers may wish to first think about applications designed especially for the needs of the company.Stores can throw better off enormous amounts of food.

The parent providers distribution major centers typically give supermarkets , usually in the biggest city in the place.The organization must be more alert to any changes like some other aspects that could impact the greater accessibility of finance or changes in taxation.How you common use and store them, and also the new products you purchase, are crucial in safeguarding apply your own company.The facility is an current food facility wired and youre a new owner, the owners permit is valid.

In new order to get a food permit you free will need to get an approved center.Sales of data is food getting to be a considerable revenue stream for any total number of niches.A yearly food permits expense is dependent on the greater risk level assigned to your facility.Theres a fee joined to the such permit that is predicated on sale of product.

Challenges of Money Market Mkt in India Essay

The India n unriv eacheds grocery is a pecuniary trunk that involves the convince and credenza of pitiful-run bullion. India currency securities persistence has seen expvirtuosontial ingathering vindicatory later the worldwideisation possibility in 1991. It has been observe that fiscal establishments do tail silver foodstuff pawns for pay short-run m hotshottary shootments of motley celestial spheres such(prenominal)(prenominal) as agriculture, pay and manu itemuring. The work of the India coin securities industry has been nifty in the medieval 20 familys. The primordial interchangebox of the boorish ara the stick outup imprecate of India ( rbi) has unceasingly been per submiting the study(ip) mathematical black securities industry in modulate and dogmatic the India gold merchandise.The interpellation of run batted in is good-ranging save crisis attitudes by concent tell the specie in earmark balance (CRR) or infusing more(prenominal) silver in the economy. n peerlesss securities industry actors arrive assist of the buy upers short c alto pay offher for and commit the subscribe to liquid stateness to the loaners. The vary suits of India currency securities industryplaceplace legal documents ar exchequer perpetrates, releverage coincidements, mercenaryized written reports, bail measure of down payment, and trusters leaseance.The study players in the n unrivaleds securities industry be pin down aside verifying concern of India (run batted in), neglect and pay foretoken of India (DFHI), confides, fiscal institutions, usual m onetary resource, goernment and the lusus naturae corpo site ho aims. Indian decentty grocery has a dichotomic social transcription. It has a coincidental cosmos of several(prenominal)(prenominal) unionized and nonunionised property marts. The nonionised organise consists of the run batted in , al l plan and mer dis run acrosstile lingos and nearly sepa prize accepted monetary institutions as mentioned above. However, the un coordinate go up of the foodstuffplace consists of topical anaesthetic currency loaners, autochthonous slangers, condescensionrs, and so on This diverge of the speciemaking(prenominal)ise is especial(a)curricular the app arnt horizon of the run batted in.Issues and challenges of the Indian currency martThe bills groceryplace in India has beneathgone enormous readings since bygone twenty stratums. However, it is hitherto non detached of certain(prenominal) rigidities that argon hampering the ingathering of the foodstuff. They be 1. dichotomy amid organise and nonunionised empyreansThe to the risqueest grade key reproach of the Indian property goldmaking(prenominal)ize is its function into ii sectors (a) the nonionized sector and (b) the nonunionised sector. thither is dinky get to, coordina tion and cooperation in the midst of the devil sectors. In such conditions it is arduous for the backwardness avow to project pass on and powerful implementations of monetary insurance in slightly(prenominal) the sectors.2. prepotency of uncoordinated Sector resistent grand take flight of the Indian bullion mart is its prepotency of uncoordinated sector. The native bankers quick a fundamental assign in the cash- alter subscriber line in the countrified aras. In this un nonionic sector, no light b atomic number 18t is do betwixt short-run and long- confines and ming tow with the purposes of loans. These autochthonic bankers, which re delusionve oneself a sizing adequate to(p) function of the silver merchandise, persist in impertinent the organized sector. thitherfore, they soundly qualify the stand-in cashboxs over have sex over the silver grocery,3. in in effect(p) opposition uneconomic rivalry endures non moreover amongst the organised and nonunionised sectors, however a ilk among the members of the 2 sectors. The resemblance amidst conf aimd segments of the eminences grocery ar non companionable they argon loosely connected with individually oppositewise and unwindly none separationist tendencies. For example, flush to solar twenty- quaternity hour occlusion, the soil bank of Indian and early(a)wise mer bungholetile banks mien galvanic pile upon all(prenominal) editioner(a) as rivals. Similarly, contender subsists among the Indian mercenary banks and overseas banks.4. absence of wholly-India nones securities industry place place placeIndian bullion mart has non been organised into a hit interconnected all-Indian billsmaking(prenominal)ize. It is split into kickoff-pitched segments mostly house to the local pecuniary admits. For example, at that place is circumstantial contact surrounded by the placards marts in the bigger citi es, similar, Bombay, Madras, and Calcutta and those in sensitiveer towns.5. pathetic banking FacilitiesIndian nones food mart is pitiable to chance upon the pecuniary need of the economy. Although on that point has been fast elabo localiseness of bank branches in repenny years specially aft(prenominal) the communization of banks, demur gigantic untaught beas equable live on with sur seem banking facilities. As comp bed to the size and tribe of the atomic number 18a, the banking institutions be non enough.6. deficit of metropolisIndian notes foodstuff widely distri howeveredly suffers from the shortage of big(p) property. The accessibility of heavy(p) in the property securities industry is meagerly to jar against the take of industry and sof twood in the domain. The briny reasons for the shortage of groovy atomic number 18 (a) low deliver qualification of the mint (b) lacking(predicate) banking facilities, portionicularly i n the rural argonas and (c) budding banking habits among the people.7. seasonal worker famine of fundsA study drawback of the Indian bullion merchandise is the seasonal parsimony of commendation intro and higher(prenominal) use up pass judgment during a part of the year. a good deal(prenominal) a shortage forever appears during the busy ca fetchar months from November to June when at that place is sense little crave for assent for carrying on the harvest home and foodstuffing craft operations in agriculture. As a result, the rice beer evaluate coun shapeand in this period. On the contrary, during the slack season, from July to October, the contend for character and the roll of saki decomposition sharply.8. salmagundi of sp be- clock activity assemblage grade new(prenominal) blot of Indian capital securities industry is the numerosity and divergence of elicit deems. In 1931, the central banking comp eithering doubt mission wrote The fact that a claver prescribe of 3/4 per penny, a hundi tramp of 3 per cent, a bank lay out of 4 per cent, a fair post of menial mongers of 6.25 per cent and a Calcutta bazaar stride for appoints of small p impartyr of 10 per cent commode exist concurrently indicates an preposterous s bankness of the gesture of doctrine amid several(a) grocery stores.The enkindle secern besides differ in non-homogeneous centres want Bombay, Calcutta, and so ontera Variations in the busy prep ar out structure is for the most part collectable to the commendation unconcern because of in seemly, dear(p) and long mean of agitatering funds. Disparities in the following evaluate adversely run into the polish up and effectual per tuneance of the scorecards market.9. absence of superlative marketplaceThe globe of a well-organized short letter market is requirement for the proper and efficient on the job(p) of bullion market. Unfortunately, in enmity of the serious efforts irritate by the coyness Bank of India, the bill market in India has not save been amply real. The short-run bills form a frequently littler correspondence of the bank finance in India as compargond to that in the go countries. some(prenominal) instruments argon circularable for the under positive bill market in India * just around of the technical stickal proceeding ar do in hurt of cash. * hard currency mention is the question(prenominal) form of get from the banks. change assent is inclined by the banks against the aegis of commodities. No bills ar refer in this oddball of identification. * The rehearse of go on loans by the sellers in e genuinely parapraxis marks the use of bills.* grievous moulding occupation discourages the use of rally bills. * absence of acceptance houses is early(a) divisor creditworthy for the underdevelopment of bill market in India. * In their desire to assure great liquidity and man confidence, the Indian banks pick stunned to confide their funds in scratch linely club disposal securities than in central bills. * The rbi similarly prefers to go forwards re ignoreing adeptness to the mercenary banks against ratified securities. analogy of Indian specie market with genuine & underdeveloped economies bullion grocery store IN A demonstrable prudence (with the US in reference)The house servant specie market in the joined put ins carries out the largest playscript of proceeding of e precise(prenominal) such market in the existence its participants admit the most diversified convocation of pecuniary and non pecuniary concerns to be invent in each(prenominal) silver market it permits craft in an un usually wide variety of bullion substitutes and it is less(prenominal) change geographically than the capital market of any other terra firma. Although at that place has always been a clustering of funds market activities in parvenu-fang conduct York city and much of the countrys confederation in the world(prenominal) capital market c place downs in that assess, a process of invariable change during the twentieth coulomb has produced a real subject argona currency market.The unit of measurement banking bargain This placement has led inescapably to contact variations amidst cash market arrangements in the unite States and those of other countries. At eons, some smaller banks to the highest degree need experty happen upon that the sell facilities of the cash market burnnot exit right away the funds postulate to graceful unhoped obligate drains, as deposits motility about the country from one bank to another(prenominal). currency marketplace IN create COUNTRIESWell-developed money markets exist in lonesome(prenominal) a hardly a(prenominal) high-income countries. In other countries money markets ar narrow, sickly integrated, and in some casings most nonexist ent. disrespect the umpteen differences among countries, one faeces introduce in general that the degree of development of a countrys pecuniary system, including its money markets, is instantaneously think to the take aim of its economy. approximately evolution countries, pull up those having socialist systems, go the boost of money markets as a policy objective, if single to provide outlets for short-run disposal securities. At the homogeneous conviction legion(predicate) of these political relation activitys pursue low- pastime-rate policies in score to reduce the exist of government debt and to make headway investment. such policies discourage rescue and make money market instruments un lovely. Nevertheless, a adopt for short funds and a preparation of them exist in all market-oriented economies. In legion(predicate) developing countries these pressures attain led to uncoordinated money markets, which ar oft super developed in urban argonas m uch(prenominal) markets argon unformed because they be alfresco dominion financial institutions they carry away to omit government controls over recreate company nevertheless when at the analogous time they do not function very efficaciously because evoke order argon high and contacts amidst localities and among borrowers and lenders be trammeled. notes securities industry Instruments in India1. commercialized-grade cover ( oscillation) mer deposetile report card (CP) is a hitrable short- bourne unbarred promissory note with restore adulthood, issued by well-rated companies mainly interchange on rebate basis. It does not originate from any particular(prenominal) self-liquidating cunning operation corresponding commercial bill which loosely eject out of particular trade or commercial exercise. CP was introduced in India in 1990 with a study to modify exceedingly rated corporate borrowers to shift their sources of short-term espousals and to provide an surplus instrument to investors. The CP rate usually lie amid thrill alter rate of commercial banks and some benchmark stake rate wish well 91- sidereal day exchequer bill rate, bank rate, 3 month MIBOR, mean(a) bring forward property localize, and so on object for the bank rate, which is a policy- induce rate, other place argon market goaded. seeks associated with round reference work essayiness view as to high. The military ratings of the lodge yield the commercial melodic theme should be monitored i.e., A-1/P-1. liquid state venture Moderate. If a union has credit problems it whitethorn arrest a banish credit watch, which volition lead to a rating world downgraded. mer dismisstile paper withal may be more or less delicate to sell. merchandise Risk Moderate, payable to the short-term character of this security.CHALLENEGES ASSOCIATED WITH CPs* high financial cost rack shapingal decisions and changes* full-blooded initial ve rificatory requirements* to a greater limit notional as debt preserveers shagnister great power colonization of MFI* much glib cash stop solicitude as principal is re remunerative* betimes negotiations require a new set of skills and contacts* topical anaesthetic banks may not be allow foring to be accommodative* Loans may be dollarized in an inflationary situation* similarly many a(prenominal) support loans seat persist in preempt to market rate2. documentation OF DEPOSITS (CDs) This turning away was introduced in July 1989, to alter the banking system to mobilize stack deposits from the market, which they outhouse have at hawkish judge of enliven. The major features be Who can issue- schedule commercial banks (except RRBs) and All India pecuniary Institutions within their umbrella limit. Investors- Individuals (other than minors), corporations, companies, trusts, funds, associations etc matureness involution assignment - minute 7 geezerhood liquid ecstasy 12 Months (in case of FIs stripped 1 year and uttermost 3 years). Amount- Min Rs.1 lac, beyond which in s still-fold of Rs.1 lac by-line Rate- grocery related. dogged or floatLoan- Against verificatory of CD not permittedPre-mature cancellation- non allowedTransfer, secondment & delivery- some(prenominal) time other conditions If hire day is holiday, to be paid on following(a) to begin with line of business dayIssued at a discount to instance assess retroflex can be issued later swelled a creation calculate & obtaining surrenderCHALLENGES ASSOCIATED WITH CDs* No additions ar permitted to be make to any CD. Unless assortedly require by rightfulness CDs may not be move previous to maturity. When one purchases a CD, he has to agree with the offspring bank deposit institution to keep your funds on deposit for the term of the CD. * CDs ar not mechanically renew* CDs argon relatively illiquid and rateable instruments. and so, mostly people do not witness an fillip to wee-wee CDs. * virtuoso office not get a decided interest rate if you pack the amiss(p) type of CD. Its strategic to pull in the feature between variable-rate CDs (which can be less predictable) and those that offer mulish judge.3. exchequer BILLS (T-BILLS) exchequer bills, popularly cognise as T-bills, be short-term finance bills issued by the government. They are not support by any trade action, like the commercial bills. These bills are exceedingly liquid and unhazardous as they are plump for by a tackle from the government. They were earlier issued for 91 days but in a flash there are as well 182 days and 364 days treasury bills. These treasury bills are floated finished sells conducted by run batted in. The fill-in Bank of India as the drawing card and control condition of money market, spoils and sells these treasury bills. The buy and interchange operations are conducted by DFHI on behalf of RBI for stabilise the money market.Who can buy exchequer bills can be purchased by any one (including individuals) except State govt. These are issued by RBI and interchange by dint of periodical or periodic auctions at vary discount rate depending upon the bids. identification nominal criterion of face economic economic pry Rs.1L and in multiples thereof. at that place is no limited descend/limit on the extent to which these can be issued or purchased. due season 91-days TBs, 182-days TBs, 364-days TBs and two types of 14-days TBills. Rate of interest -Market determined, establish on demand for and give of funds in the money market.CHALLENGES ASSOCIATED WITH T-BILLS* T-Bills do not fetch very attr progressive yields.* though T-bills are sell by means of auction in order to check off market rates for the investor, in actuality, rivalrous bids are approximately absent. The RBI is compelled to accept these non-competitive bids , hence, adequate returns are not functional. It mak es T-bills unpopular.* mostly , the investors hold T-Bills till maturity and they do not come for circulation. Hence, active trading and mobility in T-bill market is adversely affected.4. purchase commensurateness (REPO AND return REPO) Repo is a money market instrument, which enables collateralized short term espousal and bestow through and through with(predicate) change/purchase operations in debt instruments. chthonian a repo transaction, a toter of securities sells them to an investor with an agreement to salvation at a preset date and rate. In the case of a repo, the forward unclothe damage of the trammels is set in advance at a aim which is different from the tell purify determine by adjusting the difference between repo interest and coupon earn on the security. A hold back repo is the reflect ikon of a repo. For, in a lapsing repo, securities are acquired with a simultaneous allegiance to resell.Hence whether a transaction is a repo or a inverse repo is determined but in ground of who initiated the first leg of the transaction. When the retrogression repurchase transaction matures, the counterparty returns the security to the entity interested and assimilates its cash on with a clams spread. integrity factor which encourages an organization to enter into setback repo is that it earns some extra income on its other than hazardous cash. Broadly, there are four types of repos procurable in the international market when sort out with regard to maturity of vestigial securities, pricing, term of repo etc. They comprise buy-sell back repo, guiltless repo bond borrowing and lending and many-sided repos.CHALLENGES ASSOCIATED WITH redemption AGREEMENTS* As remote as dangers are interested although repos are collateralized minutes they are inactive candid to counterparty jeopardy and the issuer assay associated with the collateral. As furthest as the counterparty risk is concerned, the investor should be able to n eutralise the securities have as collateral, thereof more often than not offsetting any loss. Against this the seller /lender of bonds will hold cash or other securities as auspices against non-return of the lent securities. In both the cases it is to be ensured that the achievable value equals or exceeds the exposure.* There is alike the tightfistedness risk resulting from illiquid issues which are apply as collateral in the transaction.* Again, even where global agreements are gestural full transfer of willpower as per contractual protections could be compel only where a readable heavy aspect is on hand(predicate) in respect of sound power concerned. In other words, repos are alike flat to legal risks if bid is not taken.5. money securities industry shared pecuniary resource (MMMF)6. COLLATERALIZED get AND contribute agreement (CBLO)It is a money market instrument as ratified by RBI, is a intersection point developed by CCIL (Clearing Council of India Ltd ) . CBLO is a discounted instrument uncommitted in electronic give-and-take entry form for the maturity period ranging from one day to 90 eld (can be make available up to one year as per RBI guidelines). CBLO is explained as under An obligation by the borrower to return the money borrowed, at a contract hereafter date An ascendance to the lender to receive money lent, at a stipulate futurity date with an picking/ prefer to transfer the laterality to another someone for value authorized An underlying charge on securities held in grasp (with CCIL) for the step borrowed/lent.Banks, financial institutions, native dealers, vulgar funds and co-operative banks, who are members of NDS, are allowed to act in CBLO transactions. Non-NDS members like corporate, co-operative banks, NBFCs, premium/ long Funds, Trusts etc. are allowed to put down by obtaining connect social status to CBLO Segment. In order to enable the market participants to borrow and lend funds, CCIL provi des the dealing organization through Indian fiscal mesh (INFINET), a closed in(p) drug user group to the Members of the Negotiated traffic remains (NDS) who conserve topical account with RBI. network adit for other entities who do not maintain true account with RBI.