Commedia DelArte - Character Analysis Essay Example for Free

Commedia DelArte Character Analysis EssayPANTALONEPantalone is of top pecking order. He is squiffy and controls the finance in the character world of commedia, consequently his orders atomic number 18 usu all in ally obeyed by all. He is the father of Isabella.He wears dark colours of black, grey and red dynamic Pantaloons, tight-fitting long red trousers or red breeches and stockings, a short tight-fitting jacket, a loose long black cloak with plain sleeves, red-woollen skull-cap and yellow turkish slippers.He is cant and scrawny and often short in stature. He wears a mask with a long, hooked thread with bushy eyebrows, sometimes also a moustache. Pointed rim just prior as if to meet the nose coming down, thus giving a very dynamic profile.His signature props argon a gold chain hung around his neck with a large medallion as well as a dagger and a money pouch. He also carried a ubiquitous handkerchief and used a walkinging cane.His back bends giving him a hunched old ma ns stoop, which protected his purse and effectively restricted the motion of his legs. His feet are to expireher, toes apart, knees well bent and facing apart creating a focus on his crutch. His legs are also much more(prenominal) muscled with the possibility of sustaining extreme forward positions of the torso or making large strides.Bullying, aggressively and mean-minded, Pantalone, a pauper who had squandered his dignity along with his cash. Hes always on the stagger and he could be termed a Beelzebub of sex. Any woman who happens to cross his path becomes at once an object of winks, leers and nudges he parades up and down in a series of showily self-important struts, trips, trots and sudden halts.His walk is small and slow and he can only walk at one step whatever his feet do his legs cannot go any faster, whatever the motive or stimulus. Hesold in body, but his head teacher, feet and hand are still active. The hands (which he cant keep to himself) flutter continuously, ge sticulating each thought as it comes into his head. The only way he can stop this is to hold them behind his back, underneath his cloak.His voice is similar to a high pitched squawk that continuously breaks. Its cold and prudish and demanding. Pantalone gives voice to the darker side of the male consciousness, a secret hero sandwich to the unenlightened males in the auditory sense.He is mean to his servants, narrow-mindedly proscriptive to his children, fawning to Il Dottore, scheming with Il Capitano, lecherous with Colombina and indulgent to himself. He is too self-interested to be awake of spectators, therefore takes no notice of them.Pantalone operates on the assumption that everything can be bought and sold, and this turns out to be true, with the exception of loyalty (and love). But he also loves money for its own sake and will therefore only part with it when there is no other option. He always wants to marry his daughter to a wealthy man and avoid giving her a dowry. Whe n things do not go his way he quickly slips into emotional extremes, particularly enraged petty tyranny. He has a long memory and never forgets or forgives the slightest past transgression. Pantalone is action, not words.IL CAPITANOIlCapitano is a loner. He is never indigenous to the town where the scenario is set and is fitted to pretend to high status as a result. His downfall to the level of actual social standing is an essential part of the denouement. Being a Capitan he wore a feathered helmet or hat, huge boots and exaggerated garters. His clothes were sometimes diagonally striped or slashed, but whatever the style, close scrutiny reveals the loyalty Magnificent in words, but his purse is always empty and under his beautifully richly damascened cuirass he wears but a frayed and tattered lather jerkin. Il Capitano himself, however, always claims that histattered undergarments are caused by the amazing virility of his body hair bursting through whenever he gets angry.Il Capit ano appears large, whether physically or egotistically, he is a large presence on stage. He trys to attract attention from women and intimidate men. He wears a mask with a great menacing nose andfierce, bristling moustaches, which seemed like veritable iron spikes defending the entrance to a citadel only too ready to capitulate. The mask, in its general aspect, was intended to emphasize the direct contrast between a brave way and a craven nature.His signature prop is a long sword that he never actually uses for fighting. His feet are planted apart in order to occupy maximum space, his chest is pushed forward and his back is always straight and tall standing with his hips wide. His walk is a long stride where the heels of his boots come down first, then the foot rolls onto the ball, then he steps again off the ball of his foot giving him acclivity and bounce in his step so his head can be among the clouds. However, his actual steps are small (he is in no hurry to get to war, but w ants to do so with maximum effect).When he hears a frightening noise he drops everything, but only succeeds in running on the spot, head thrown back, arms in the air, kicking his feet forward and howling piteously. When he hears a wolf (or small dog) he shrinks little by little until he has made himself unnoticeable as possible, then scurries away in a crouch. When fleeing from a mouse he adopts a kind of leaping promenade walk in order to prevent it running up his legs. When scared witless he occasionally runs to be seen, to show off his legs.He often stands at attention or with his hand on his sword, nose in the air and his chest puffed out. When hes not pretending to be brave he is cowering with fear. His movements are slow, deliberate and mechanical with his gestures being extravagant and sustained.His speech is loud and proud turning to a squeak when frightened. He was originally employed by Pantalone to do his dirty work for him. They workedwell together as lechers with financ ial aspirations IlCapitano to get rich, Pantalone to remain so. Pantalone would often congratulate Il Capitano on his efforts, and then betray him to others. He is almost used as a prop by all the other characters. The whole world is an earshot. He stops whenever he sees the actual audience and makes a salutation so that he can be admired.Initially his magnificence may take in the other characters, but never the audience something in his very first entrance (a trip for example) should give him away.IL DOTTOREIl Dottore is the head of another family and is often the father of a lover, usually Lelio. He is the equivalent of Pantalone who thinks he has brains. He wears a black academic dress satirising Bolognese scholars, a long jacket with black coat over-reaching to his heels, black shoes, stockings and breeches, and black skull-cap.His appearance is grand his huge size comes directly from Carnival and contrasts with Pantalone. His mask covers the nose and forehead and sometimes the cheeks, which are red as he is apparently sensitive of the bottle.His signature props include a book and a white handkerchief. He would stand with his weight back on his heels, belly forward and his hands gesturing in front. He walks peripatetically in figures of eight, using tiny, mincing steps. His walking posture descends while he thinks (out loud, of course) and rises up again on the solution of the problem.When posing, he leans forward with a hand on his face, usually tapping his forehead or stroking his beard in a pensive manner. When posing behind another performer, he sometimes does something malicious such as preparing to knock them out with a mallet.His movements are relatively static in front of the audience. He needs allthe space to himself and gains it by gesturing out from the body as if sowing a seed.He parps like a trombone when speaking and pronounces S as Sh. He is a dwell and friend or rival of Pantalone (either way, the two are inseparable), and since he is a natural parasite, sees the advantage of being patronized by him. To acknowledge or parley to the audience he needs a context in order to make a direct address the giving of a lecture for example.He gives the other characters a break from physical exertion by his prolixity sometimes to the point where he has to be carried off by them, still talking. For this basis he stays a relatively long time onstage. A survivor, not a target figure like Pantalone.He is essentially belly, not intellect and is extremely vocal. IlDottore is inclined, like Pantalone, to be stingy, but in his case it is because he doesnt have any money.The doctor is an eternal gasbag he cannot diffuse his mouth without spitting out a Latin phrase or quotation. He believes someone suffers from an ailment, which they obviously do not, and offers to cure them. He spontaneously diagnoses performers on stage, tries to enlist assistance to help him perform experimental surgeries on himself and others, as well as perfor ms random experiments in the name of science and medicine.

MidTerm Study Guide Essay Example for Free

MidTerm Study Guide EssayThe midterm Exam is forthright book, open notes. The maximum time you can spend in the exam is 3 hours. If you have not busted the Submit For Grade liberation by and so, you ordain be automatic tout ensembley exited from the exam. In the Midterm Exam environment, the Windows clipboard is disabled, so you ordain not be able to copy exam questions or answers to or from other applications. 2. You should click the Save Answers button in the exam frequently. This helps pr occurrence connection timeouts that might occur with certain Internet Service Providers, and also minimizes lost answers in the event of connection problems. If your Internet connection does break, when you reconnect, you will normally be able to get back into your Midterm Exam without any trouble. retrieve, though, that the exam timer continues to political campaign while assimilators are disconnected, so students should try to re-login as quickly as possible. The Help Desk cannot grant any student additional time on the exam. 3. estimate the Syllabus Due Dates for Assignments Exams for due date information. 4. Reminders You will only be able to enter your online Midterm Exam one time. Click the Save Answers button often.If you lose your Internet connection during your Midterm Exam, logon again and try to access it. If you are unable to enter the Midterm Exam, first contact the Help Desk and then your instructor. You will always be able to see the time remaining in the Midterm Exam at the top right of the page. 5. Assessments with Multiple Pages progress sure you click the Save Answers button before advancing to the next page (we also suggest clicking on Save Answers while you are run awaying). distinguish all of the pages before submitting your Midterm Exam for instructor review.Do NOT use your browsers Back and Forward buttons during the Midterm Exam. Please use the provided links for navigation. 6. Submitting Your Midterm Exam When you are finished w ith the Midterm Exam, click on the Submit for Grade button. Please note Once you click the Submit for Grade button, you will NOT be able to edit or change any of your answers. 7. Exam Questions There are 10 randomly selected multiple choice questions each worth 5 points for a total of 50 points. The Midterm Exam covers TCOs 1-4, 8, 11, and 12 and weeks 15.The Midterm Exam contains two pages, which can be finished in any order. You may go back and forth between the pages. The Midterm Exam questions are pooled. This means that not everyone will have the same questions. Even if you do have some of the same questions, they may not be in the same order. These questions are distributed amongst the TCOs. The entire exam is worth cc points. On the essay questions, your answers should be succinct, should fully address each part of the question, and should demonstrate your knowledge and understanding in a concise but commit answer.Most essay questions require answers that are a couple of paragraphs (not a couple of sentences) that directly speak to each part of the question. Some students opt to work on the essay questions first, due to their higher point value and the length of time needed to adequately address each question, but this is entirely your choice. Remember to always use proper citation when quoting other sources. This means that ANY borrowed literal (even a short phrase) should be placed in quotation label with the source (URL, author/date/page ) immediately following the end of the passage (the end quote).Changing a few words in a passage does NOT constitute putting it in your own words and proper citation is still required. Borrowed material should NOT dominate a students work, but should only be used sparingly to support your own thoughts, ideas, and examples. Heavy usage of borrowed material (even if properly cited) can jeopardize the points for that question. Uncited material can jeopardize a passing grade on the exam. As a part of our commitment to academic integrity, your work may be submitted to turnitin.An online plagiarism checking service. Please be VERY mindful of proper citation. 8. Some of the key study areas are below. Although these are key areas, remember that the exam is comprehensive for all of the assigned course content and that this study guide may not be all inclusive. TCO 1 Definitions of Technology and Science, the Three Technological Revolutions, Technological Systems, Week 1 Lecture, Week 1 Readings TCO 2 Technology and HistoricalChange, the Industrial Revolution, Technologies in Different Cultural Contexts, Week 2 Lecture, Week 2 Readings TCO 3 Technology and the Arts, Digital Technologies, Collaborative Technologies, Week 4 Lecture, Week 4 Reading TCO 4 The Cultural Impact of Technologies (Computers, Cell Phones), Technologies as Artifacts and Ideas, the Social do of Technology, Week 3 Lecture, Week 3 Readings TCO 8 The Industrial Revolution and the Steam Engine, Determinism and Its Critics, W eek 2 Lecture, Week 2 Readings TCO 11 query Methods, Research Sources, Week 1 Tutorial TCO 12 Potential Impact of Emerging Technologies (GMOs, nanotechnology, robotics), Week 3 Lecture, Week 3 Readings 9. The readings from the first four weeks are evince in this exam. Please make sure that these are read and that you participate in the discussion of these readings. Areas that were discussed in the threads will be prime targets. 10. Assignments will also be prime targets for revisiting. 11.Reviewing the TCOs, which I have listed below for your convenience, will also be a great preparation for the Midterm Exam. 1 presumption one or more examples of major technology development projects based on scientific theory, such as controlled heavier-than-air flight or the Manhattan pop the question or cloning, develop a definition of technology that includes a clarification of its relationship to science. 2 addicted a historical turning point, such as the fall of the Roman Empire, the Cr usades, the Protestant Reformation, the growth of cities, or the collapse of the Soviet Union, establish the role of technology in triggering the event and shaping its outcomes. give an account statement of a stylistic trend in an art such as painting, music, literature, theater, or film, determine what technologies were involved and how they affected the evolution of the respective art. 4 Given examples of the widespread adoption of a technology that changes the culture of a society (e. g. , cars, computers, cell phones, etc. ), analyze the technology and the patterns of its adoption to identify the sources of the technologys influence. 8 Given a consequential technological invention, such as the printing press, the telephone, the automobile, the microchip, or the Internet, assess the cultural, economic, or social changes brought about by the invention.Given a butt for defining and limiting a topic, participate in a research project as a member of a student team that investigates , formulates, and presents its summary of (a) an issue associated with a technology, (b) the characteristics of the technologys development, (c) its present and likely future impact, and (d) the ethical or moral issues arising from the development or implementation of that technology. 12 Given an emerging technology, prise its future prospects by identifying the cultural and social factors that may prevent or promote its successful application. Finally, if you have any questions for me, please post them to our Q A meeting place or e-mail me. Good luck on the exam

The Products Of Herbal Essences Marketing Essay

The Products Of Herbal Essences Marketing EssayHerbal Essences is a place of pig result founded in 1971 by Clairol. In 2002, Procter and chance acquired Herbal Essences from Clairol, Inc. Herbal Essences is a global brand of hair-care products that distribute various different Shampoo, Conditioner, Hair Coloring, Mousse, Hairspray, and Gel products (Procter Gamble, 2012, p. 3). Procter and Gamble entered as a hair colorant and renovated the product of Herbal Essences (Matusow, 2008). In this section we will analyze the taper securities industry strategies, which Procter and Gamble used to help their product Herbal Essences grow more than 40 percent in sales globally (Procter Gamble, 2007, p. 12).According to McGreog (2008), since Procter and Gamble acquired Herbal Essences their main merchandiseing objective was to change their product and to revive their failing brand within the shampoo industry. Hence, the company wanted to commercialise towards a more untested audience. The brand was originally focused on women who wanted natural hair care products. It dealt with ingredients such as herbal and organic aspect of the product. Procter and Gamble wanted to reposition their hair products by creating a fun and modern stir while having the natural ingredients. Procter and Gamble did this so they do not lose their brand loyalists. Herbal Essences target market consists of Generation Y female users ranging from the age of 14-30 (McGregor, 2008).Herbal Essences target markets are individuals who are going to school, entering college, and young moms. Consumers of Herbal Essencess products share more than a common hair-care product, they share common lifestyles. In coif to understand the appeal of their products, Herbal Essences continues to research their cultural and social environment. They do this by learning more about the consumers psychographics and behavioral characteristics. The goal in doing so is to sell more hair products by understanding the changing wants and the needs of the market segment.The needs of this market segmentAccording to MediaPost (2008), in upstart efforts to better understand and attract the youthful audience towards Herbal Essences, Procter Gamble and the Beauty Business Chief, Susan Arnold had an idea to re-invent their products by completely re-branding Herbal Essences. In order to rebrand themselves they conducted their own research such as consumer surveys, market research and observing buying patterns of younger consumers. She took on the task of finding a way to work up up the failing brand with a small group of people from research and development, marketing, and design. The small team worked together with branding agency Libby Perszyk Kathman (LPK) to target the market of Generation Y females (MediaPost, 2008).As Lukovitz (2007) states in her article Herbal Essence Snags 2007 Rebrand 100 Global Award the team instantly started on 18 months of colossal consumer research. During the time the team emerged in May 2006 with a freshly target market audience tailored towards the spontaneous, optimistic, altruistic, experiential Generation Y (Lukovitz, 2007). Herbal Essences changed the unit product from scratch which they referred to as the from-scratch strategy which included a new logo, adding several catchy new product name calling, and adding new packaging. Herbal Essences research discovered that women like to buy hair care products within the same brand. The packaging emphasizes the shape, the new shampoo and conditioner bottles where designed to fit together on the shelf, encouraging the youthful audience to buy the product as a whole and driving up sales (Lukovitz, 2007).In order for Herbal Essences to communicate their product to their new target market, they have used an innovative way to reflect their product upon the youthful generation. Herbal Essences uses this technique consistently throughout their product packaging and promotions. For example, the names of their products such as Hello Hydration, Drama Clean, and Tousle Me Softly (Herbal Essences, 2012). The name of these products reflects the tone and personality of the youthful audience which effectively appeals to their target market. Their target market likes to be aware of the latest trends in hairstyles and looks that could be obtained by using their products. Their target market wants a brand that focuses on their needs and is funky as them a product which has an emotional connection, and makes them feel like the product is a part of their lifestyle.This market strategy as well as play a role into targeting the sr. part of the demographic, towards young mothers around the age of 30 who may look for hair care products for their daughters. They would be prone to buy the product since it gives a youthful and a modern vibe unlike other hair care product competitors. Herbal Essences indirectly cleverly uses the youthful appeal towards the older demographics that could also purchas e their product, because they are tempted to feel younger (Lukovitz, 2007).Herbal Essences revolutionized the way companies target their market. It moved from a failing brand into a successful brand. The strategies they applied into targeting their market changes the way companies and their products speak to their consumers, appears to their customers, and how they might even position their products on the shelf to compete with their competitors (McGregor, 2008).Herbal Essences hair-care products stand out because it has been designed and formulated specifically for their target market needs. With the products of Herbal Essences, their target market can match their unique personality with their products.

Learning Disability: Barriers to Effective Communication

Learning Disability Barriers to Effective CommunicationCommunication is the act or process of victimization words, sounds, or behaviours to express ideas, thoughts feelings, or exchange reading (Merriam Webster, 2014). state with schooling disabilities die younger than other battalion (Heslop et al, 2013). The Independent Inquiry into Access to Healthc be for mass with Learning Disabilities (Michael, 2008) followed the Mencap report Death by languor (2007). The report concluded that in that respect ar inherent risks in the safekeeping system that result in highschool levels of wellness needs not being met. The inquiry found that people with learning disabilities appear to receive less effective carry off and that there are many shortcomings in the way intercession is delivered, with avoidable suffering ca utilize by untreated ill health.Effective colloquy is essential in ensuring high quality health care (Balandin Hemsley, 2008) and is an essential skill for nurses (N ursing Midwifery Council (NMC), 2007). Beca persona communication difficulties are characteristic of people with learning disabilities, the nurse needs strategies that back tooth be used to promote communication and get a lineing by removing barriers, and developing their skills and knowledge.Why ?Effective communication is a recurring and pervasive theme in regime policies, reports and best practice guidelines (Turner, 2014). Good practice focus on operative with parents with a Learning Disability (Department of Health, 2007), the survey of the human rights of adults with learning disabilities, A flavor same(p) any other? (Joint Committee on Human Rights, 2008) and valuing people now (Department of Health, 2009). In particular, A Life Any Other? highlights the ways in which barriers to communication can all too easily result in the human rights of people with learning disabilities being breached, unmet communication needs can measure up access to public co-occurrenceers. For example, research commissioned by Mencap showed that, of 215 GPs interviewed, 75% had received no training to help them treat people with a learning hinderance (Taylor Nelson Sofres, 2004, cited in Mencap, 2004).Children with LDRegnard et al. (2007) found more than twenty changes in behaviour in children with learning stultification when they encountered distress, and it is likely those who train no verbal language are likely to be more receptive to non-verbal communication (Tuffrey Wijne McEnhill, 2008). It is therefore vitally fundamental for professionals working directly with children to engage with them however possible.Adults with LDDifficulties with communication have been consistently reported as a barrier in supporting adults with learning disabilities at the end of life .HEALTH NEEDSA high People with learning disabilities are likely to need assistance in communication. It has estimated that there are 1.5 million people in the United Kingdom (UK) with learning dis abilities and between 50% and 90% suffer from sensory loss (Eric et al, 2012). Most people with learning disabilities have greater health needs than those with no disabilities. They are to a fault likely to die at a younger age (Mencap, 2007). A number of reports in recent years have shown that there are failings in accessing services and in providing appropriate treatment for people with learning disabilities( Equal breedment Closing the Gap(2006) Death by Indifference (2007)). A life like no other (2007), a report into services for people with a learning disability in England, found that adults with a learning disability are particularly vulnerable to breaches of their human rights in healthcare services.There is considerable evidence that people with learning disabilities are not receiving the same level of health care as other people. In the UK, there have been many documented examples of secondary health services causing te preventable demise of people with learning disabilit ies, with contri entirelyory factors reported to include poor communication, a failure of heath service staff to roll in the hay pain, delays in diagnosis and treatment, a lack of basic care, and the use of Do Not Resuscitate orders (Heslop et al., 2013 Mencap, 2012a). A UK based Confidential Inquiry into premature deaths of people with learning disabilities (Heslop et al., 2013) estimated that 37% of deaths were potentially avoidable.When people with learning disabilities use health services, staff may have difficulty in meeting their needs because they are unable to communicate effectively with them. A number of reports (Department of Health, 2008 Mencap, 2012 Royal College of Nursing, 2010) highlighted the communication complexity between patient and the staff which have resulted in some cases of deaths and poor quality infirmary care.accountA report from Mencap (2007), entitles Death by Indifference, highlights the poor treatment received by six people with learning disabiliti es admitted to acute adult and mental health service. This poor treatment ultimately led to these peoples deaths. The report goes as far to say that institutional discrimination exists indoors the National Health Service (NHS) towards people who have a learning disability with them getting worse health care than non-disables people. One of the major concerns raised by Mencap was the notion of diagnostic overshadowing. This is neglecting to recognise signs and symptoms of ill health assuming them to be characteristic of a persons learning disability.Death by indifferenceIn 2004, Mencap published Treat me Right, a report which highlighted the inequities of NHS healthcare provision to people with learning disabilities. This also highlighted that that healthcare professional should not depend on carers or family to communicate with service users with learning disabilities and hospitals must perform their legal duty of care. Healthcare providers are accountable to make sure that these s ervice users have their needs met and this include an clear-read information in place. In 2006, the Disability Right Commission further emphasised concerns that people with learning disabilities were not afforded equitable access to healthcare services and treatment and as a consequence suffered more ill health and were more likely to die. In 2007, Mencap published Death by Indifference, a report which told the scandalous stories of six people with learning disabilities who suffered potentially avoidable deaths while in various NHS healthcare service by improving communication. A subsequent fencesitter inquiry (Micheal, 2008) and port by the Local Government Ombudsmen and Parliamentary and Health Service Ombudsmen (2009) both confirmed that people with learning disabilities were consistently being put at risk within primary and secondary healthcare services due to lack of and staff patient communicationhttp//www.ombudsman.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0013/1408/six-lives-part1-o verview.pdfDeath by Indifference (Mencap, 2007) attributed the unacceptable standards if care largely to an ignorance or apathy by nurses and other health professionals to understand and listen to their clients with learning disabilities. It is important that the individual is continually consulted close their care regardless of the extent of their learning disability.74 deaths and counting (2012)The report by Mencap, 2012 relayed details of more potentially avoidable deaths of people with learning disabilities within NHS services.Reasonable adjustmentsThe failure of public services to make reasonable adjustments regarding communication not only makes it extremely difficult for people with learning disabilities to access services, but it may also breach the Equality Act (2010) and Article 8 pf the European Convention on Human Rights (Micheal, 2008, p24). Poor communication with people who have learning disabilities has consequences that range from the relatively insignificant. For example a service user is given coffee when they would prefer tea.NON VERBAL COMMUNICATIONNon-verbal communication is as important as verbal in interactions that influence dignity. For example, in a study of older peoples transitions (include older people with learning disabilities) between care service, Ellins et al. (2012) noted the followingone of the most striking findings was that even the smallest gestures by providers to connect with somebody as a human being, such as a smile or a hug could makeMAKATONThe Makaton language programme is commonly used by people with learning disabilities. Many people with learning disabilities use speech, there are also a range of altranative methods of communication which can be used in conjunction with speech. Sign systems are used widely among people with learning disabilities, either alone or in conjunction with speech. One of the common systems is Makaton(Williams, 2009). However, Hannon (2003) found that no one at the hospital had heard of it. One of the people with a learning disability involved in the study said any of the health care professionals did not understand him.EASY READSome people can benefit from written information being into an easy-read format. This involves the use of simple sentences and language and the use of photos or pictures to support the meaning of the written words. When producing written information for patients, it may be worth considering accessibility for patients who may be non-verbal or have a learning disability. An easy to read, information resource with picture and images and dew words can support people with learning disabilities to have a greater understanding of information and support their conclusiveness making.Talking Mats is a visual cloth that uses picture symbols to help people with a communication difficulty communicate more effectively (Murphy and Cameron 2005, p.3). Using pictures to incorporate topics and options and a visual scale with people with little or no spee ch and people who have difficulty in understanding speech can assist them to express their wishes about what will occur in their own life. Service providers, including case directors, can use this tool to help the person with disability consider and discuss a variety of options. The pictures are placed on a mat so that the person with disability can look at the options and choices available and then move them using the visual scale to indicate how they feel about each option. The visual scale might include symbols for passion something, for being unsure and for definitely not liking or wanting something. More complex visual scales can be created, depending on the persons needs and abilities.Many people with a variety of disabilities use Talking Mats successfully. Nevertheless, there are some people for whom this system is not suitable. Murphy and Cameron (2005) suggested that to use Talking Mats successfully, the person using the mat must be able to recognise picture symbols and m ust be able to understand at to the lowest degree two keywords at a time. The person must also have a reliable way of confirming his or her views so that the case manager or service provider can be sure that the placement of pictures on the mat does in fact reflect the persons viewsPERSON-CENTRED APPROCHPatient- or person- centred approaches to health are increasingly seen as more effi cient as they promote good communication between the clinician and patient but research to support this is miss (Lewin et al., 2009). The Mental Capacity Act (2005) is based on person- centred principles and gives legal backing to previous guidelines for good practice (Mencap, 2010). It gives responsibility to all healthcare professionals to follow person- centred guidance in addressing issues of choice and consent in healthcare with the learning disabled. The key principles of this include the person being at the centre of any planning and discussion. This does not mean decisions are simply taken i n their best interests but ways are sought to actively involve them in decision- making using accessible communication systems when necessary.McCaffery et al. (2010) argues that although there have been major advances in way to increase patient involvement in health decisions, with the benefits of greater involvement and share decision-making now widely accepted, there has been little attention given to the development of tools and strategies to support participation of adults with lower literacy, who are members of a group with poor health knowledge, limited involvement in health decisions and poor health outcomes. McCaffery et al. (2010) proposed a framework to consider the different stages of shred health decision making and the tasks and skills essential to achieve each stage.The 6csIn 2012, the Department of Health carried out a widespread consultation exercise on values for nurses, which were published in pathos in Practice Nursing, Midwifery and Care staff Our Vision and S trategy. The vision is based around six values care, compassion, competence, communication, courage and commitment. The vision aims to establish these values (the 6Cs) in all nursing, midwifery and caregiving settings throughout the NHS and social care to improve care for patients.ConclusionIn conclusion, the author highlighted the importance and the barriers of communication when working with people with a learning disability, and the some communication methods that a learning disability nurses can use to work effectively with this client group. Good communication is the basis of effective care provision, and the value of developing a relationship and getting to know the individual demonstrates how this enables effective communication to take place. Health care professionals need to develop competencies in identifying individual communication needs, and developing creative ideas for how to overcome these, using a range of tools to aid communication. Person-centred approaches provi de a framework to do this on an individual basis, enable and support people to make choices.

Raja Mandala Theory And Its Relevance History Essay

Raja Mandala Theory And Its Relevance History EssayChanakya stated that all(prenominal) state is surrounded by numerous states, out of which one would be a natural adversary. Other states might be allies, vassals, neutrals or hostile. The tycoon should sharpen on the natural adversary and defeat it.Chanakya advised the king to be pragmatic in his come near to fightds his enemies and prudence in choice of foreign indemnity. He was against spineless surrender or foolhardy valour. He preferred peace oer struggle in most cases. He said that when the degree of hand to be made from choosing amid war and peace were same, the king must choose peace. He besidesk into consideration the losings of troops, expenditure and absence from home man giving this advice. He similarly said that if the balance of indicant were not to have favourable as a result of war, peace must be chosen.28Circle of StatesAccording to Chanakya, the king, his friend, and his friends friend be the three pr imary kings constituting a circle of states. As for each one of these three kings possesses another five elements of s overeignty such as the minister, the country, the fort, the treasury, and the army a circle of states consists of eighteen elements. The three Circles of States having the enemy, the middle king, or the neutral king at the centre of each of the three circles are different from that of the conqueror. Thus there are four primary Circles of States, twelve kings, sixty elements of sovereignty, and seventy- cardinal elements of states. Each of the twelve primary kings put one over their elements of sovereignty, power, and end. Strength is power, and happiness is the end.Strength is of three types power of deliberation being the intellectual carriage a prosperous treasury and a strong army being the strength of sovereignty and martial power being the physical strength.The end too is of three kinds that which is attainable by deliberation is the end of deliberation th at which is attainable by the strength of sovereignty is the end of sovereignty and that which is to be secured by perseverance is the end of martial power. The possession of power and happiness in a great degree establishs a king superior to another in a less degree, inferior and in an equal degree, equal. Therefore the king was always demand to augment his power and elevate his happiness.29Six Methods of Foreign PolicyThe states participate in diplomacy and war victimisation the six methods of foreign polity. To understand the image of Raja Mandala theory, the six methods of foreign policy enunciated by Chanakya must be understand. These cater for different situations in international transaction.30(a) Samdhi. The peace treaties were to be concluded with item conditions that enabled the state to promote welfare and development, strengthen alliances or use the period as one arm of dual policy. Chanakya said that treaty could even be entered into with ones enemy and may be broken when one grows strong. The interests of the state being supreme, such betrayals were justified.(b) Vigraha. The policy of hostility was recommended to be followed by the stronger state. The hostilities could be conducted as open, secret, unavowed or clandestine attacks. Diplomatic wars too were discussed extensively by Chanakya. Having had to fight conventional and proxy wars, India in addition to fighting militarily, has been dealing with this on a diplomatical level as well.(c) Asana. The policy of remaining neutral was recommended by Chanakya to be followed when both states were equal. The Chinese observed neutrality in the cold war mingled with ground forces and erst composition USSR and utilized their efforts towards development. India was the leading proponent of non-alignment and in following the policy was able to get the best of both the Western and easterly Blocs. India must be amongst the few nations in the world that can acquire weapon systems, nuclear technolo gy, industrial k instantlyhow and even sup larboard for permanent membership of UNSC from USA and Russia.(d) Yana. Posturing for war was an important decision that the king had to take. The preparation for war and the long march entailed heavy expenditure and prolonged absence from the capital, thus necessitated thoughtful consideration before taking such a decision. After the attack on Parliament on 13 December 2001, the gird forces were mobilised. The forces remained in the unsavory posture for a complete year. While the war never took place, umpteen skirmishes on the line of control occurred. The tensions on the line of control brought international squash upon Pakistan resulting in imposition of sanctions on the terrorist groups and the leaders in February 2002. The continued pressure resulted in a ceasefire agreement in 2003 that holds in effect(p) till date.(e) Samsraya. The policy of pursuance protection of a stronger king could be practised by entering into alliances or by signing a treaty. Various alliances formed during the cold war indicate that this policy is relevant even today. In 1971 when war with Pakistan was imminent, India signed a treaty of Friendship with USSR as a safeguard against intervention by USA and mainland mainland chinaware on behalf of Pakistan. Pakistans alliance with China in can be seen as a means of seek protection against India.(f) Dvaidhibhava. This was the policy of seeking peace with one king in ready to pursue hostilities with another. China, which has territorial disputes with both India and Japan, maintains cordial relations with one while getting into a diplomatic row with other in order to channelize the complete effort of the state to achieve the objectives it sets for itself.81. Special Cases. Chanakya envisaged certain situations wherein he considered the role of kings who could influence the consequent of a contravention without being directly involved. In context of India-Pakistan relations, China c ould be classified as middle king as described by Chanakya. Pakistan could stimulate some problems in the course of Sino-India conflict, but would not fit the description of a middle king, being weaker than both India and China. However, USA, Russia and even UN fit the bloom of a neutral king, a king who is more powerful than the belligerents but does not share the borders with the two.Parshingraha. The attack in the rear in diplomatic, economic or psychological sphere had been described as an important aspect of foreign policy by Chanakya. It could be in form of posturing or supporting insurgency movements as well. China has been change magnitude her influence in Indias neighbourhood through economic and diplomatic initiatives. In the last week of November 2012, Maldives annulled the contract of an Indian firm soon after its cabinet had returned from China. India too has developed closer ties with countries like Afghanistan, Iran, Mongolia, Japan, South Korea and Vietnam in ord er to counter the influence of Pakistan and China in their neighbourhood.31Objectives of Foreign PolicyChanakya said that the objective of foreign policy was to increase the power of a state. Military, intellect and morale were vital components of power according to Chanakya32. The king had to continuously project his power by using appropriate foreign policy. The dynamic relationship between power and hop on was essential to be understood and had to be attained through implementing the right policy and correct execution within the circle of states.Both India and China have been projecting their power in a different ways. While India has laid emphasis on soft power, China has embraced the policy of projecting comprehensive national power to included host and economic might in addition to its cultural influence around the world to exert influence on the policies of other nations.Chanakya had said that peace could be made with the enemy albeit as a temporary measure to gain time to enhance own power. The wars in modern era are also fought on economic and cyber space. Both India and China are growing economies and the growing is expected to stabilise in another 20 to 30 years. They have symmetrical trade running into billions of dollars every year despite being rivals for markets and captive resources. If the two were to engage in every form of war at present, the impingement on their growth would be catastrophic. Moreover, the modern economies being inter-woven, it would have a domino effect on all the leading economies of the world. Thus, the setback the two countries would discover would be dynamic and would set their progress back in a ample way. The two countries have adopted a very pragmatic approach and cooperate at various international and not let the disputes over boundary or South China Sea over shadow the areas of cooperation.China maintains friendly relations with India at the same time supports Pakistan in all its misadventures. China has inv ested a great deal in infrastructure in Pakistan. The armed forces of Pakistan are being equipped by the Chinese at a frantic pace. China has little to gain directly from Pakistan except for access to the ocean through Gwadar Port33. The main purpose of propping up Pakistan is to divert Indias focus. Although growing at a fast pace, the resources with India are limited and thus can optimally focus on one front only.Relative Power. Chanakya said that the king must always strive to enhance his power in comparison to the enemy. The congeneric power can be improved by making oneself stronger or by denuding the power of the enemy.34Indias military strength is dissipated on two fronts outwardly and internal security duties. India must strengthen her relations with Japan, Taiwan, South Korea and other littorals of South China Sea to force China to focus on many fronts at the same time. USA has fork upd all possible help to India in juvenile years to make China focus more on India. The depend of USA is to further her own interests in the Pacific Ocean region, Indian Ocean and the rock oil rich West Asia. The policymakers have to be careful in using the US card while dealing with China. Reliance on USA to provide determent against China, though beneficial in short term, would be counterproductive in long run. India will have to become stronger economically, diplomatically and militarily to enhance her relative power in long run.Having realised her inferiority in conventional battlefield, Pakistan resorted to proxy war. The diversion of resources of Indian Army helped it achieve parity on the conventional battlefield. India responded by raising Rashtriya Rifles Battalions to deal with insurgency. The situation is now returning to normalcy. In 1998, Pakistan tested nuclear weapons in response to trials by India. The acquisition of nuclear weapons and missile delivery system by Pakistan gave her the deterrence energy and thus it avoided a war in 2002. However, the development of ballistic missile defence system by India would nullify the deterrence capability built by Pakistan35.Relative power is dynamic and its balance continues to change at all times. Every move by India, China or Pakistan draws response by the adversary. India would have to continually monitor the development in China, Pakistan and also within the countries that can be described as the inner circle of these countries in the circle of states. tasting of Peace Over ConflictThe king had to adopt policies that would enhance the power of the state and economic and material well being of its subjects. This would necessitate improving infrastructure, increasing avenues for employment, to exploit mines and natural resources, and at the same time to deter similar progress of the enemy. A state that was in a position to grow in power more rapidly both in quality and quantity than the adversary could strike down the enemys progress some time. Two states were to make peace when grow th could be achieved by doing so. Hostility with the enemy was to be opened if it ensured better growth than the enemy. If the adversaries were neither in a position to destroy the progress of each other nor in a position to safeguard their own progress in case of hostilities, every endeavour was to be made to maintain peace.36Pakistan. India is developing faster than Pakistan in all fields. The tool of Jihad that had been used by Pakistan to disrupt peace in India and to enable USA fight USSR in Afghanistan has become bane for very existence of Pakistan. Peaceful and stable Pakistan is essential for Indias growth.37India has offered assistance toPakistan to help her overcome these challenges.Chanakya had advocated destruction of enemy as and when the opportunity presented itself. The world order today is different from the times of Chanakya. Any hostile act by India would bring immediate sanctions from the comity of nations and thus will destroy the economic progress and well bein g of the state. Moreover, if the state of Pakistan were to disintegrate, the terrorist groups would reign supreme and they would most likely target India like never before. A large swell of refugees would migrate and perk up demographic and economic catastrophe for India. The population that has been brought up on the staple of blaming India for every misery will turn their anger against India. Thus, when seen in the larger context, the policy being adopted by India is in sync with Chanakyas thought process that professes economic growth and welfare of citizens as a primary duty of the state.China. condescension the size of the GDPs and the growth rate, India and China are yet to acquire a truly middle class status. The Chinese economy is industry driven while Indian economy is services driven. In order to continue on the path of growth, both contract to add millions of new jobs every year.38The creation of so many new jobs requires unhindered economic activities. The present pat h of economic growth leaves adequate space for both the states to coexist composedly.In order to create millions of jobs every year, India will have to change to an industrial economy. In a decade or two, the two countries would end up competing for the raw materials and markets. This could lead to conflict between the two. It would be prudent for India to develop her military capabilities. Improvement in human development index would ensure that the manpower is educationally and technically sufficient to absorb the technology at the given time.India is surrounded by large figure of small countries that are being wooed by China. These countries resent the perceived big brotherly attitude of India. In November 2012, the government of Maldives cancelled the contract of GMR for development of the airport. Nepal-India relations have taken a downward spiral due to neglect by Indian government as well as the bureaucracys inflexible and inconsistent behaviour. One of the glaring example s of such neglect is the absence visit to Nepal by any of the Indian Prime Ministers, since 200239. Bangladesh too has been antagonised over Indias reluctance to finalise the water sharing agreement. India has to work towards bringing these countries back to her fold.Dealing with Threats Posed by China and Pakistan using ArthashastraForging Alliances/ Partnership.(a) Chanakya was of the opinion that forging alliances should be resorted to when needed40. War being one of the methods of executing foreign policy of the nation, the diplomacy has to acquire a favourable opinion and if not, at least a neutral attitude from the comity of nations.(b) From the very beginning Pakistan entered into military alliances like CENTO and SEATO. India entered into a 20 year treaty of friendship with USSR. Since the 90s Pakistan became closer to China to overcome the impact of sanctions imposed by USA. The alliance between Pakistan and China assures Pakistan of some degree of deterrence against India .(c) India has forged closer relations with USA and maintained the historical relations with Russia. The cooperation achieved has been catalyst in enabling the Indian military to modernize at a rapid pace, thus gradually building up a deterrence capability against China. Herein India needs to maintain a very fine balance, as close relations with USA, China and Russia are important for the development of the country. The challenge for India is to manage her ties in such a manner that she is not seen as proclivity towards any country in particular, nor is seen as a country that is indecisive.(d) USA. During the visit of Mr Leon Panetta in June 2012, India politely told USA that there is a need to re-calibrate the US policy called Rebalancing of Military Strategy with focus on Asia-Pacific that envisages deployment of at least 60% of US Naval assets in Asia-Pacific41. The concern of India being that the policy would increase the militarisation in its immediate neighbourhood and such r apid militarisation would throw Indias modernisation plans out of gear.(e) India has enhanced bilateral cooperation with US and participates in a number of joint military exercises without entering into any formal military alliance. The support that had been extended by USA to Pakistan in last half a one C plays in the minds of Indian policy makers while deciding on the extent of military cooperation with USA. The US insistence on signing CISMOA, LSA, EUMA and BECA make the policy makers in India sceptical. Moreover, by openly embracing USA, India does not want to upset China42.(f) Littorals of South China Sea. India has indicated that she would prefer cooperation with countries like Japan, Vietnam, Philippines and others in working out an friendly solution to the South China Sea dispute. In last few years, India has participated in number of military exercises with Japan, Singapore and Vietnam. If the navies of these countries enforce a blockade of malacca and Sunda Straits, Chin a will be put on the back foot. The entire transhipment of oil and gas would then be channelised through Arakan region of Myanmar and Gwadar port in Pakistan. The domination of Bay of Bengal and Arabian Seas by the Indian Navy would quickly result in enforcing a blockade to shape the outcome of war.(g) Myanmar. India has improved her relations with the Myanmar in recent years. The people of Kachin have been known to resent Chinese activities in the region. India should exploit this resentment and persuade the government of Myanmar to limit the Chinese activities, China can be further contained.(h) Iran. To avoid the SLOCs dominated by India, China needs to open a transhipment route through Central Asia. The Chabahar and Bandar Abbas ports in Iran could be the ports of transhipment. India lost some ground in Iran after siding with USA over nuclear issue. By attending the NAM conference in Tehran, Dr Manmohan Singh tried to make some amends to the earlier mistakes. In his visit, the I ndias energy and security issues were discussed by the PM43.(j) Iran could be a partner of strategic significance for India. The relations between Pakistan and Iran took a downward spiral during the 80s whereas India and Iran cooperated in supporting the Tajik groups opposed to Pakistan backed Pashtun groups in Afghanistan. Pakistan became closer to Saudi Arabia, who is a staunch rival of Iran. The officials of Iran and Pakistan have impeach each other of aiding the insurgents in Baluchistan44.(k) India has stood by its commitments in Iran despite the pressure from US and EU. China too has supported Iran and done so more boldly than India. In addition to the vast reserves of oil and gas, Iran is significant as it is a littoral state of Persian Gulf and Caspian Sea. It provides a gateway to the landlocked Central Asian Republics. China has been wooing Iran to gain a foothold in West Asia and enhance energy security. The route from Iran, Central Asian part (CAR) and into China would enable China to avoid the SLOCs that are vulnerable to interception by India and other South East Asian countries.(l) It is unlikely that Iran would become a party to containing Chinese influence due to her animosity with USA. However, India should work towards exploiting Irans sensitivities towards developments in Baluchistan and Afghanistan and Pakistans proximity to Saudi Arabia. India should exploit get Iran onboard in containing Pakistan from the West.(m) Afghanistan. Afghanistan has been apprehensive of Pakistans intentions in the region. On many occasions President Karzai has blamed Pakistan for the troubles in his country. Pakistans open support to Taliban means that barring South and Eastern Afghanistan, rest of the country is unlikely to warm up to Pakistan in near future. Afghans are known to be fond of Indian culture. Indias contribution towards development activities in Afghanistan has further endeared her to the Afghans. Unlike China, India has not yet acquired any s takes in the unexplored natural resources of the country.(n) India should work very closely with the Afghan government and keep Pakistan out of the region. India must be prepared to provide security forces for filling the void left by the withdrawal of ISAF in 2014. The aid being provided to Afghanistan could be linked with keeping Pakistan out. India must ensure that Taliban does not gain entry into Afghan political arena. This would deny the strategic depth that Pakistan so badly craves.45Create a Divide between China and Pakistan. Chanakya talked of creating course amongst the enemy to weaken them. Sino- Pakistan relations are not as deep as are made out to be. China tilts towards Pakistan to secure its own geopolitical interests. It props up Pakistan militarily to keep Indias armed forces engaged on the Western borders. The Gwadar port and Karakoram highway provide China with an overland trade j and Islamists in Pakistan46.(a) Make Gwadar Port Unviable Option. The port held a v ision of prosperity for Pakistan and to provide the Pakistan Navy with strategic depth along its coastline. It provided China with an opportunity to radiate its oil import routes and extend its presence in the Indian Ocean. Chinas interests in Gwadar port are to diversify and secure its crude oil import oil routes and to extend its presence in the Indian Ocean.47It would enable monitoring naval activities of both US India in the region.(b) India Iran have had reservations about the project from beginning. Iran responded by constructing Chabahar port and road link up joining Iran, Afghanistan and Tajikistan with Indias assistance. Plans to extend a road from Iran through Herat, Mazar-e-Sharif and Sherkhan Bandar in Afghanistan and onwards to China too have been discussed.48(c) The fragile state of lines of conversation in POK region was highlighted in January 2010 when the Attabad landslide cut off the Karakoram highway49. The Baluchistan province in Pakistan remains restive wit h ever increasing levels of violence.(d) Iran remains peaceful and stable making Chabahar port more enchanting alternative to Gwadar. China has repeatedly used its veto power in support of Iran over the nuclear standoff. Irans energy reserves and good relations with Afghanistan Central Asian countries are of significance to China as well. India and Iran enjoy good relations. Like Iran, India too enjoys good relations with Afghanistan and Central Asian countries. If situation in Afghanistan stabilises in near future, Iran remains peaceful but Balochistan remains restive, use of Chabahar would become more attractive and economical in comparision to Gwadar.(d) Chinas Aspirations as a Super Power. Most of the incidents of terrorism in the world have been tracked back to Pakistan. Despite its contribution in the GWOT, Pakistan is viewed as a state that harbours terrorists and fundamentalists. Osama Bin Laden was killed in a safe house located within a few kilometres of Pakistans milita ry academy. As an aspiring super power, China will have to pressurise Pakistan to rein in the fundamentalist and terrorist groups. Aspirations of China and Pakistans support to terrorist groups make the two to partners who cannot be natural allies. India should take every opportunity to highlight this issue at various forums and bilateral meets. The academicians and the think tanks should be asked to write articles and papers that would embarrass China on this issue. When Pakistan looses Chinas support, it would be forced to change its policies and thus the menace of terrorism would reduce to a very large extent. The probability of external war on two fronts would also be minimised.(e) Uyghur Separatists Movement. Since its incorporation into China in 1950s, Uighurs have organized more than 400 uprisings50. The ethnic strife has taken a religious doohickey in the last few years51. The Chinese leaders have expressed apprehension that Pakistan may not be able to contain the links bet ween the separatists and the Islamists in Pakistan. China had in the past resorted to curtailing border trade and closing the Karakoram Highway to contain the unrest. Such measures send a signal to Pakistan that China would not hesitate to freeze the relations if required, in order to curtail the separatist movement52.Engaging Neighbours. Chanakya in his treatise had been categorical that a friendly or a neutral neighbour is essential for the growth and stability of a state. He also warned against the dangers of an adversary becoming influential in the neighbourhood. China has been using her diplomatic and economic clout in marginalising Indias influence in the neighbourhood. Indian government has to understand that these nations are on the development curve and therefore need huge investments. For many years India invested in the development of these countries to the extent she could. China has bigger reserve of foreign exchange than India and is ready to suffer economic losses in short term. The investments made by China have enhanced her influence in these countries.The government of India has started exploring the historical and cultural links and soft power to strengthen relations with the neighbours. The Indian government provides billions of dollars as aid to Afghanistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Nepal and Bhutan. It has entered into trade agreements with all her neighbours that may be more favourable to the neighbours than to India. The volume of trade between India and her neighbouring countries has steadily increased in the recent years.The efforts have yielded positive results. Sri Lankan officials have been harping about the very good and very ancient links with India. The aid to the displaced Tamils is not viewed with scorn as in earlier times. Homage was paid to the martyrs of the IPKF in Sri Lanka in 2012. India-Pakistan trade has been on the rise with Indian exports to Pakistan surging by over 30% per year53. The Awami League government in Bangladesh is working towards generating a favourable public opinion towards permitting transit facilities to India and the Indian government too has shown sway towards signing a treaty on sharing of river waters. With Myanmar, relations have been growing stronger. Aang San Suu Kyi visited India in 2012. The economic ties and trade have grown manifolds in recent years. India still has work to do on improving relations with Nepal. The relations with Nepal have been stagnant since the Maoists came to power. With Maldives, relations took a downturn over the controversy over the operating of international airport in Male by GMR. The Government of India suspended monetary aid to Maldives as a retaliation to revoking of the GMRs contract by the Maldives government.Engaging China and Pakistan till Own Military Capability is Developed. To realise their true potential, India and China need an environment of peace and stability. Both the countries have unplowed the disputes on the back bu rner while focussing on areas of convergence. The trade between both has been growing at a steady rate and is expected to maculation $100 billion in 2015.54Talks to resolve the boundary disputes continue to be held at regular intervals. Talks with Pakistan have made a slow-moving progress in recent years. CBMs have been in place for many years. The two countries have signed an agreement to ease visa restrictions.55Sporting ties too are being resumed between the two countries. Such measures will bring the people closer and thus create pressure on the governments to resolve the disputes at the earliest.107. Chanakya identified military option as an important facet of foreign policy. The government of India seeks peaceful coexistence with the neighbours. However, to safeguard her nati

Anorexia Essay -- essays research papers

Anorexia Nervosa Have you ever felt fat or self-conscious about the way you looked? These are questions that we whitethorn ask ourselves e reallyday, but anorexics ask themselves these questions every minute of everyday. Questions like this haunt an anorexics conscience and ruin the way she/he perceives herself/himself. Anorexia is a very dangerous mental illness because it has many life- threatening effects. Anorexia is not a choice to be made. It is brought on by many pressures to be thin and it clouds 1s ability to see herself/himself as she/he really is, which is usually dangerously thin. Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder. Sufferers starve themselves and have extreme weight loss. When starving themselves, anorexics may suffer from terrible hunger pains, but feel rewarded when they can make it through a certain time period, usually a day, then travel up to two days and so on.Anorexics are terrified of gaining weight. Food and weight become obsessions. Many of these obsess ions may show up in funny eating rituals, such as moving food around their plate and preparing a huge dinner and then refusing to eat any of it. An anorexics diet will include restricting her/his total kilogram calorie intake to fewer than one thousand calories a day. Many anorexics avoid fattening, high calorie foods and also eliminate meats. Their diet mainly consists of almost completely low-calorie vegetables, such as lettuce and carrots, or popco...

A Critique of Colette Dowling?s excerpt of The Cinderella Complex: Wo

The battle of the sexes that rages on today is just as strong as it has always been. Although an ever-increasing number of opinions are being heard and made known, many people are still ignorant and hold on to traditional views that can sometimes be damaging. Even though there has been much progress in the ways of communication and understanding, much is still needed to be done and improved upon. Colette Dowling is a well-respected author on womens psychological issues who uses her personal experiences and insights to enlighten women about themselves. In Dowlings excerpt of The Cinderella Complex Womens Hidden Fear of Independence, she provides a clearly write and rational explanation on the psychological issues of dependency women exhibit, but lacks in supporting evidence and examples.One night she is lying miserable in bed, sick. She therefore becomes conscious of the fact that she is non despondent because she feels ill, but because there is no one there to comfort her. She realizes now that this is the way it has always been, she has known no other way. Throughout her childhood she was raised with the notion that someday somehow she would be whisked away by her prince charming and live happily ever after. She did not know what it was like to be truly nonparasitic. Nor was she raised to be comfortable with it. Boys were trained to be self-sufficient early on while her parents and society taught her that she did not need to be self-reliant that she only needed to hold on until her savior came. This person (or so she thought) appeared after she had been raising her children alone for the previous tetrad years. As their relationship grew, they reasoned that it would be good if they moved in together. Soon after moving in together, she prove herself sinking into the same routines that she had in her marriage. Slowly but surely she fell into the groove of being a good house wife and stopped feeling the need to pursue her career. She found this surprising ly easy and natural. To take the place of her writing she began doing household chores and started cooking again. Within no time she had gained weight and was starting to feel the inadequacies that go on with not having to support one self. She started to doubt her effectiveness as a writer and ability for self-sufficiency. Her loss of ambition also created an unwanted hardship on the relationship b... ... of the stress that accompanies self-sufficiency. Many women in the modern world simply do not have a father figure around. Without the man being the savior, the girls do not have that crutch to lean on and therefore come to not expect any help in the future. These are the truly independent women of today. They have no choice either rise up and take care of themselves or fade away. Throughout all of these concerns, one thing is unvarnished and cannot be disputed. Humans are truly creatures of environment and circumstance. What may apply to one may be totally foreign and irreleva nt to another. One cannot peradventure make a blanket statement and without even researching it, expect it to apply to everyone. This is what Dowling attempts to do. All that she has the authority to speak about is her own personal experiences. She cannot possibly get through all of the intricacies of human life and expect her personal views to be universal, nor can anyone else. No, she should not have had her book published by Ms. Magazine. Although her experiences may be sensible for some, they would not necessarily be beneficial for those who were not brought up as she was. How can one expect to know the mind of all?